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V 



v.EASt LESSONS... 



— IN- 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT 



— ARRANGED FOR — 



INDIVIDUAL, CLUB, OR SOCIAL STUDY. 

A thorough series of Questions and 
Answers on how the United States 
are governed. The Functions, Pow- 
ers and Limitations of the 

NATIONAL, STATE, AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS-. 



Also questions on important subjects which 
every one should bo able to answer. 

LILIAN COLE'Ji ETHEL. 



Published by the Author, 738 E. Long Street ^ 
CoJiimbus, Ohio. 



JSnteredy according to act of Congtess^ in the yeaf 

1898, by LILIAN COLE'-BETHEL. in the office 

of Librarian of Congress at Washington, D, d 

All Rights Reserved, 



m 2 - I 




^/OiT 



f HE Free press 

Ml Pleasant, la^ 
1898. 



PREFACE. 



This manual has been arranged for busy people. 
To study the larger works on Civil government and 
questions of the day, with many is impossible. Our 
form and system of government snould be tamiliar 
to every citizen and to be able to answer intelligently 
many common, every-day questions, is an accomplish- 
ment to be coveted. These things I have sought to 
elucidate in the following pages. Some special subjects 
which are attracting much attention at the present 
time have been considered of sufficient importance to 
introduce here, briefly, and in a way to cover the 
salient points and principles enunciated. I have also 
arranged a list of topics for attractive programs, for 
clubs, and trust it may be found useful. 

LILIAN COLE-BETHEL. 
Columbus, Ohio. 
March, 1898. 



DEDICATED TO 

The progressive women whom the author has met in 

her Parliamentary Classes, whose thirst for 

further knowledge has prompted her 

to bring out this little manual. 



INDEX. 

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 

PAGE. 

Government 1 2 

Colonial Government 2 5 

The States Government 5 

History of Congress 6 11 

Legislative Department 12 14 

The House of Representatives 14 31 

The Senate 32 36 

The Executive Department 37 

The President 37 40 

The Vice-President 40 41 

The Electoral College 41 47 

Members of the Cabinet 48 

The Secretary of State 48 49 

The Secretary of Treasury 49 53 

The Secretary of War 53 

The Secretary of Navy 53 54 

The Attorney-General 54 

The Secretary of the Interior , 54 55 

The Post-Master General , . 55 57 

The Secretary of Agriculture 57 

Diplomatic Service , 58 60 

Judicial Department 61 66 

Civil Service and Signal Service 67 69 

District ot Columbia 69 70 

The Territories, how governed 70 74 

Naturalization 74 75 

Library of Congress 75 76 

Our Flag 76 78 

The Liberty Bell 78 

The United States Seal 79 80 



PAGE. 

Duty. Tax and Single Tax 80 86 

Money 86 91 

National and State Banks , , 91 101 

Direct Legislation 102 106 

The Initiative avid Eeferendum of Switzer- 
land 106 109 

Political Sayings. .. 110 115 

Miscellaneous Questions 116 130 

National Songs 131 132 

State Names 133 137 

Our Neighbor Governments 138 

Mexico 138 139 

Canada 140 141 

Lists for Women's Clubs 142 147 

Quotations for Club Calendars 148 

ST/^TE GOVERNMENT. 

Early Government of Ohio 161 162 

Legislative 163 

House of Ee,)resentatives 163 166 

The Senate 166 168 

The Executive Department 169 170 

The Governor 170 171 

The Secretary of State 171 173 

The Auditor of State 173 

The Treasurer of State 173 174 

The Attorney-General 174 

The Commissioner of Common Schools 174 175 

The Board of Public Works 175 176 

Minor Elective Officers , 176 177 

The Judiciary ....178 183 

The Supreme Court 183 185 

The Circuit Courts ..185 186 

The Courts of Common Pleas 186 187 

Justice of Peace and Municipal Courts 187 188 

The Militia 189 190 

State Institutions 190 



Education 190 191 

Incorporations 191 192 

Elections 192 196 

Registration of Voters , 196 198 

The Australian Ballot 198 202 

The County 202 203 

The County Commissioners 203 204 

The Treasurer 204 

County Auditor 204 205 

Recorder 205 

County Surveyor 205 206 

Infirmary Directors 206 207 

Coroner ....207 208 

The Sheriff 208 

The Clerk of the Courts 209 

The Prosecuting Attorney , 209 210 

Probate Jud^e 210 

The Township 210 211 

The Township Trustees 211 

The Township Clerk 212 212 

The Township Treasurer 212 

The Assessor 212 213 

The Constable 213 

The Township Supervisor of Roads 213 214 

Municipal Corporations 214 215 

The Hamlet .... 215 

The Village 215 216 

The Village Council 216 

The Village Mayor 216 

The Village Marshall 216 217 

The City 217 

The City Council 217 218 

The City Mayor 218 

The City Clerk , , 218 



**ltnowledge is of two kinds; we know a subject 
ourselves, or we know where we can find information 
upon it*" 



"America is another word for opportu- 
ni ty .' ' — Emerson. 



CIVIL GOVEKNMENT. 



What is government? 

It is the direction and control of human 
interests and founded upon human rights. 
Name three distinct functions of govern- 
ment. 

The legislative, executive and judicial. 

Define each. 

The legislative is to make laws. 

The ex^ecutive is to cavrj the laws into 
effect. 

The judicial is to interpret and apply 
laws. 

Name three forms of government. 

Monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. 

Define each. 

A monarchy is a form of government in 
which the sovereign powers are in the 
hands of a single person. A limited mon- 
archy is one in Avliich the royal power is 
restricted by representative institutions of 
some kind. An aristocracy is a govern- 
ment controlled by a few persons distin- 
guished for rank, wealth and knowledge. 



2 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

A democracy is a government in which the 
supreme power is in the hands of the whole 
people and directly expressed by them. A 
republic is a representative democracy in 
ri^hich the sovereign power is exercised by 
representatives elected by the people. The 
United States and the respective states 
have this form of government. 

The term democracy is derived from 
what Greek word? 

Demos, meaning the people- 

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. 

How were the colonies governed before 
the revolutionary war? 

They were subject to the government of 
Great Britain and the power of the king. 

Were all the colonies governed alike? 

Each colony had a separate and distinct 
government, but resembled the others in 
form. 

How were certain liberties given? 

By the king granting them charters. In 
the chartered colonies the freemen elected 
tlie members (representative) of the lower 
house in its legislative department. 

The powers of government were vested 
in whom? 

A governor, a council and an assembly 
of representatives. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 3 

IJow was the goyernor appointed? 

By the king or by such persons as had 
authority from the king to appoint. 

How was the council appointed? 

Either directly by the king or the privi- 
lege was granted the governor of the 
colony. 

Could they make their own laws? 

They could make no law contrary to the 
laws of England. Thej^were granted the 
privilege of making some laws. 

Were all the colonies granted charters? 

In most of the colonies the people 
had but little control over public affairs, 
and were at the mercy of the governor. 

Were the people discontented? 

Yes, for many reasons. In 1G63 by act 

of parliament the colonies were compelled 

to buy all their supplies in England; also 

maiiufaclories in America were prohibited. 

Did this oppression continue? 

Yes. In 1G72 the colonies were compell- 
ed by parliament to send their product of 
exchange from one colony to another by 
way of England and pay duty, or if sent 
direct to pay duty in America. 

"sVhat act was parsed in parliament in 
1774 that caused such a disturbance in the 
Massachusetts government? 

Tlie so called IvCgnlation Act. 



4 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 

What were its provisions? 

That the members of the council be ap- 
pointed by the Royal governor, and that 
they be paid by the crown. Also that the 
principal executive and judicial officers be 
paid by the crown, and that town meetings 
be prohibited except for electing town of- 
ficers. Other severe laws were passed at 
the same time. 

Were these laws enforced? 

Massachusetts being a chartered colony 
and having enjoyed certain privileges, re- 
belled against the new order of things. 
Troops were sent from England to aid in 
enforcing this act,and out of this political 
situation came the battles of Bunker Hill 
and Lexington. 

What was the Stamp Act? 

An order that stamps bought of the 
British government should be put on all 
legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, 
etc. 

What attitude did America have toward 
England in regard to the heavy tax laid 
upon her? 

She believed that 'taxation without rep- 
resentation was tyranny,^' and "that no tax 
should be imposed on them without their 
consent given directly or by their repre- 
sentatives.^^ 

To what did this taxation lead? 



I 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 5 

To the agitation of self-government, fol- 
lowed by the famous Declaration of rights, 
made in 1765. The feeling of bitterness 
was great and the agitation for home rule 
continued, which led to the Revolutionary 
war in 1775. 

THE STATES GOVERNMENT. 

When did the colonies become states? 

They had all except two organized as 
state's and adopted state constitutions be- 
fore the constitution of the United States 
was adopted. 

What two remained under their former 
charter? 

Connecticut until 1818, and Rhode Island 
until 1842. 

What colony was the first to make a new 
state constitution? 
New Hampshire, in 1775. 



(5 EASY LBiSSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

^^Our Liberties we prize, our Eights we 
will maintain/^ 

HISTORY OF CONGEESS. 

When was the first Congress held? 
The first Colonial Congress, or represen- 
tative Assembly of America, met in New 
York, Oct. 7, 1765. 

Of what was it composed? 

Delegates from nine Colonies. 

What was the purpose ol this assembly? 

To oppose the stamp act and the prin- 
ciple of taxation without representation. 

TV hen was the next Congress held? 

In 1774 in Philadelphia. 

How many Colonies ^ere represented? 

Twelve. 

What was done at this Congress? 

The w^ell known Declaration of Rights 
were drawn up and promulgated. 

By what name was the body know^n? 

The Continental Congress. 

When was the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence adopted? 

July 4th, 1776. 

How^ many states signed it? 

Thirteen. New Hampshire, Massachu- 
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina and Georgia. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. y 

How many members signed? 

Fifty-six. 

Who read the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence alond in the yard of Independence 
Hall? 

John Nixon, July 8, 1776. The same 
day the King's arms over the door of the 
Supreme Court room in Independence 
Hall were torn down and burned in the 
eveninjo- in the presence of a great crowd 
of citizens. 

To what place did Congress remove its 
sittings toward the latter part of 1776? 

To Baltimore. 

What action was taken in 1777? 

Articles of Confederation were prepared 
and after much discussion were passed. 

When were they adopted? 
In Philadelphia, July 9th, 1778, and sub- 
mitted to the states. 

What report came before Congress in 
1785? 

A committee of Congress made a report 
recommending an alteration of the Arti- 
cles of Confederation. 

Did Congress act in the matter? 

No, but it was left to the State Legisla- 
tures to proceed in the matter. 

How did the State Legislatures act? 






8 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

The States finally agreed to have a dele- 
gated convention. 

Was Congress in favor of this? 

Yes. In February, 1787 it adopted res- 
lutions in favor of a convention. 

When did this convention meet? 

In May, 1787. 

How many states were rf presented? 

Seven. 

Who was elected President of the con- 
vention? 

George Washington of Virginia. 

What was the outcome of this conven- 
tion? 

The Constitution of thie United States 
was begun. 

Was it finished then? 

No, not until a convention of the States 
met September 17th, 1787. 

How many states were represnted? 

Twelve. Rhode Island held aloof. 

How many delegates signed the Constt 
tution? 

Thirty-nine. 

At the Constitutional Convention, how 
were the delegates appointed? 

By the State Legislatures. 

Who presented the Constitution to Con- 
gress? 



EiASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 9 

The President of the Convention. 

When did Congress direct the constitu- 
tion sent to the States for ratification? 

September 28th, 1787. 

Was the Constitution ratified by the 
States by direct P^r^ular vote? 

No, it was ratified by delegated conven- 
tions. 

What State was the first to ratify the 
Constitution? 

Delaware, December 7th, 1787. 

How many states had ratified the Con- 
stitution before the first Comgress was 
held under it? 

Eleven. Ehode Island and North Caro- 
lina not ratifying until afterwards. 

When was the new Congress held under 
the new Constitution? 
March 4th, 1789. 
Where was it held? 
In New York City. 

How many were present at the first Con- 
jfress? 

Sixty-five in the House and twenty-four 
in the Senate. 

Upon what basis were Eepresentatives 
elected in 1787? 

One for every 30,000 inhabitants. 



19 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 

What states were represented in that 
Congress? 

All but Ehocle Island. 

Where was the next Congress held? 

In Philadelphia, 1790. 

When did Congress move to Washing- 
ton? 

In 1800. 

Why was Congress removed from New 
York? 

Because the agricultural members feared 
the influence of surrounding commercial 
interests in legislation. 

What was the objection to Congress con- 
tinuing in Philadelphia? 

Because the Southern members were 
afraid of the Quaker influence in urging 
the abolition of Slavery. 

How can we amend the Constitution? 

The Constitution itself makes the pro- 
vision, thus: "The Congress whenever two- 
thirds of both houses shall deem it necess- 
ary shall propose an amendment to this 
constitution, or on the application of the 
Legislatures of ^wo-thirds of the several 
states, shall call a convention for propos- 
ing amendments, which in either case 
shall be valid to all intents and purposes, 
as part of this Constitution when ratified 
by the Legislature of two-thirds of the sev- 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. H 

eral states, or by conyentions in two-thirds 
thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
ratification may be proposed by Congress/' 
How many amendments have been made 
to our national constitution? 

Fifteen in all. 

Were these ratified by the State Legis- 
lature or State Conventions? 

In every case they were submitted by 
Congress to the State Legislatures, for rati- 
fication. 

Name three divisions of the Constitution 
as pertaining to goverment. 

Legislative, Executive and Judicial. 



12 EiASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

"United we stand, divided we fall/' 
LEGISLATIVE DEPAETMENT. 

What is the first section of the National 
Constitution? 

"All legislative powers herein granted 
shall be vested in a congress of the United 
States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
a House of Kepresntatives/' 

Why do we have the two houses of con- 
gress? 

We pattern after most of the English 
speaking countries having two houses. It 
is supposed to be a check upon hasty legis- 
lation and the interests of the people are 
thought to be protected since each house 
scrutinizes the acts of the other. 

CONGEESS. How many sessions does 
each congress hold? 

" Two. The first cannot end until both 
houses are ready to adjourn. The second 
congress of the same session must adjourn 
March 4th, at noon. 

What is the first session called? 
The "Long Session.'^ The second one, 
the "Short Session'^ closing the congress. 

When does Congress convene? 

The first Mondar in December. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 13 

Can either house of Congress adjourn 
without the consent of the other? 

Not for more than three days at a time. 

If both houses do not agree about the 
time of adjourning what is done? 

The President of the United States can 
adjourn them to such a time as he may 
tliink proper. 

What was the longest term of Congress 
ever held in the United States? 

The fiftieth, from December 5th, 1887 to 
October 20th, 1888. 

What becomes of bills not passed at the 
expiration of Congress? 

Bills run from the long to the short ses- 
sion, but at the expiration of the short ses- 
sion, March 4th, all bills not passed, perish, 
as the session is fixed by statute and can- 
not be extended. 

What are somxC of the powers of Con- 
gress ? 

The Congress shall have power to levy 
and collect taxes, duties, imposts, etc., to 
pay the debts of the United States. 

To borrow nioney on public credit. 

To regulate commerce; 

To establish naturalization laws and 
laws governing bankruptcy; 

To coin money; 

To promote science and useful arts; 



14 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the 
Supreme Court; 

To declare war. To raise and support 
armies. 

To provide and maintain a navy; 

To provide for organizing, arming and 
disciplining the militia. 

To exercise exclusive legislative action 
over such a district as shall contain the 
capitol of the United States; 

To make all laws which shall be necess- 
ary for carrying into execution the fore- 
going powers and all other powers vested 
by this Constitution in the Government of 
the United States, or in any department, 
or officers thereof. 

' HOUSE OF EEPEESENTATIVES. 

How are the members of the House elect- 
ed? 

By the people on the basis of the popu- 
lation, one for every 173,901 (in 1897.) 

What was the basis when the Constitu- 
tion was adopted? 

One Eepresntative for every 30,000, but 
eaeli state was entitled to one Represen- 
tative whether it had that number or not. 
Each state is still entitled to ^^at least one 
member.'' 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 15 

How many members have we in our 
House of Eepresentatives? 
357 (in 1897.) 

Are the members elected by the direct 
vote of the people? 

Yes, each state elects one from each 
district in the State and the election al- 
ways takes place in the even j^ears. 

If a state is entitled to more representa- 
tives by population than it has districts, 
what is done? 

If the State Legislature has not made 
the necessary arrangements to redistrict a 
state that has increased in population the 
additional numbers are elected on a gen- 
eral ticket by the whole state, called Eep- 
resentatives-at-large. 

For hovv^ long is a Eepresentative elected? 

For two years. 

At what age is a person eligible to the 
office of representative? 

^'Twenty-five years, and must be a- citi- 
zen of the United States seven years/' 

When docs his term begin? 

The fourth of March in the year for 
which he is elected, but he does not take 
liis seat until December unless there is an 
extra session. 

Wli^it salary does a U. S. Kepresentative 
receive? 

15,000 per annum. The salary begins on 



16 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

the fourth of March next succeeding the 
general election. 

Is this all the compensation they get? 
* No, in addition they receive mileage at 
the rate of twenty cents a mile in going to 
and returning from each regular session, 
also an allowance of |125 for postage and 
stationery. 

How are they paid? 

From the National Treasury. 

CONTESTED ELECTIONS. 

How are seats contested in the House? 

A person intending to contest an elec- 
tion of a Kepresentative, must, thirty days 
after election, give notice, in writing, to 
the member, whose seat he expects to con- 
test, of his intention to contest the same. 

What is the nature of the notice? 

It must specify particularly the grounds 
upon which he expects to contest. 

Where are the contested cases first 
heard? 

Usually before the Committee on Elec- 
tions and they report to the House, and 
action is taken there. 

Who pays the expenses of these contest- 
ants? 

The Government pays a sum not exceed- 
ing $2,000. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. IJ 

In case a vacancy occurs in the represen- 
tation of any state, what is done? 

The Governor calls a new election and 
the people vote for a person to fill the va- 
cancA^ 

OEGANIZATION OF THE HOUSE. 

Vrhat are the officers chosen in the 
House? 

A speaker (who is alvx^ays a member of 
the House), clerk, sergeant-at-arms, door- 
keeper, postmaster and chaplain; (these 
are not members of the House.) 

Who presides in the House? 

The Speaker. 

Who presides until he is elected? 

The Clerk of the last session, w^ho holds 
over. 

What is the first thing done in organiz- 
ing? 

The Clerk calls the House to order and 
then calls the rolL 

Does the Clerk know^ previously w^ho the 
members are? 

Yes, the law requires the Clerk to make 
a roll of the members whose credentials 
show they have been duly elected. 

In case of a vacancy in the office of clerk, 



Jg BABY LESSONS IN CITIL GOVERNMENT, 

or if he is absent or not able to discharge 
his duties in preparing the roll, who doei^ 
it? 

The Sergeant-at-arms, If neither are 
present, then the Door-keeper performs the 
office. 

What Tote elects? 

A majority; if no one is elected on the 
first vote, they proceed until one receives^ 
a majority. 

When elected what does the Clerk an- 
nounce? 

That such a person is "duly elected 
Speaker of the House of Representatives 
for the — Congress.'^ The Speaker is then 
conducted to the platform and takes the 
oath of office. 

Who administers this oath to the Speak- 
er? 

Usually the member who has been long- 
est in continuous service. After the 
Speaker has taken the oath, the members 
from each state are called and the oath is 
administered to them by the Speaker. 

What is the oath of office? 

"I, , do solemnly swear (or af- 
firm) that I will support and defend the 
constitution of the United States against 
all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I 
will bear true faith and allegiance to the 
same; that I take this obligation freely^ 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. X9 

without any mental reservation or purpose 
of evasion, and that I will well and faith- 
fully discharge the duties of the office on 
which I am about to enter, so help me 
God.^' 

After the oaths are administered, what 
is next done? 

The members then elect the Clerk, Ser- 
p:eant-at-arms. Door-keeper, Postmaster and 
Chaplain, each taking an oath to suport 
the Constitution of the United States and 
to faithfully perform the duties of his office. 

How are the Territories represented in 
Congress? 

By delegates. (See Territories,) 

The oath of office is administered to 
them following the liepresentatives and of- 
ficers. 

After both houses are organized, what is 
done? 

Each house instructs its Clerk (or secre- 
tary) to notify the other house that they 
have organized and are ready for business. 
A joint committee from both houses then 
waits upon the President of the United 
States, informing him of the organization 
nnd their being ready to receive any com- 
munications. 

Following the organization, how do the 
members select their seats? 
They draw lots for tliem. "The Clerk 



20 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

places, in a box^ a number of small balls^ 
which are numbered, equal to the number 
of members and delegates. At a certain 
hour, previously fixed by the House, these 
balls are drawn by a page, the number an- 
nounced and the member whose name cor- 
responds to that number on the numbered 
alphabetical list, pro'^dously prepared, shall 
advance and choose his seat for the term 
for which he is elected/^ 

How often does the House organize? 

Only at the beginning of the first session 
of each Congress, every two years. Almost 
the first order of business after organizing 
is to adopt rules governing the House and 
fixing the hour for the daily meetings. 

SPEAKEE. What are the duties and the 
privileges of the Speaker? 

At the hour fixed to open each day, he 
calls the House to order and if there is a 
quorum present, he calls for the journal of 
the last days sittings which is read and ap- 
proved. He signs all acts, addresses, joint 
resolutions, etc. He decides all questions 
subject to an appeal. Being a member he 
can vote on all questions, his name being 
called last at the roll call. The Speaker 
has the privilege of appointing the stand- 
ing committees. 

What salary does he receive? 

18,000 a year. 



]BiASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 21 

isame some of the leading committees. 

Committees on Appropriations, Com- 
merce, Kivers and Harbors, Foreign A£ 
fairs, AYays and Means, Banking and Cur- 
rency, Ivailroads and Courts, Manufactures, 
Patents, Education, Labor, Pensions, 
Claims, Expenditures in the Departments^ 
Enrolled Bills, Agriculture and Elections. 

The Speaker must also appoint from 
the delegates, in addition to the committees 
already appointed, a delegate on the follow- 
ing committees: Coinage, Weights and 
Measures, Agriculture, Military Affairs^ 
Post Office, Post Eoads, Public Lands, In- 
dian Affairs^ Private Land Claims, Mines 
and Mining and two on Territories. The 
first one named is chairman of the standing 
committees. 

The Speaker has the right to appoint the 
official stenographer of the House and the 
stenographer for the committees. He, 
bIso, has the power to remove them for suf- 
ficient cause. He has the privilege of ap- 
pointing three regents of the Smithsonian 
Institute, three visitors to the Military 
Academy at West Point, three visitors to 
the Naval Academy at Annapolis, two di* 
rectors of the Columbia Hospital for women 
tw^o directoi^s for the Columbia Institute 
for the Deaf and Dumb, and two consult- 
ing trustees for the Reform School of the 
District of Columbia. 



22 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 

Congress provides that the Speaker shall 
set aside a portion of the West Gallery for 
the use of the President of the United 
States and the Cabinet, the Justices of the 
Supreme Court, Foreign Ministers and 
suites and the members of their families; 
also, for persons admitted on the cards of 
members. The Southern half of the East 
Gallery is for the members' families. 

CLERK. A part of the duties of the 
Clerk has already been given in the organi- 
zation of the House. 

What are some of the requirements of 
the Clerk? 

After he enters upon his duties, he must 
give bonds for |20,000. 

The salary of the officers and employee 
of the House, as fixed by law, are paid by 
the Clerk by warrants on the U. S. Treas- 
ury. He must also keep an accurate ac- 
count of all disbursments out of the contin- 
gent fund of the House, monies expended^ 
etc. He is, also, authorized to sign, during 
the recess of Congress, the certificates for 
the monthly compensation of members and 
delegates,, also from the time a member m 
duly elected to the opening of the first ses- 
sion. 

The Clerk of the House and Secretary of 
the Senate must advertise on^ce a week for 
four weeks in some leading paper, or pa- 



EASY LBSSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 23 

pers, published in the District of Columbia 
for sealed proposals for supplying both 
houses with necessary stationery. 

The Clerk give« a printed order for print- 
ing and binding, or for blank books for the 
House, subject to the approval of the com- 
mittee on accounts. 

The Clerk of the House and the Secretary 
t)f the Senate are required to procure and 
file all reports made by each committee; 
these reports with all succeeding reports 
are bound and deposited in the library of 
each house. 

He furnishes to members a list of ofiadal 
reports. He makes or approves all con- 
tracts, bargains for the performance of any 
labor for the House, according to the law 
or order of the House. He reads all mes- 
sages and bills, and calls the roll of mem- 
bers and keeps on file all parsers belonging 
to the House. He keeps the liT3rary of the 
House, w^here all copies oif printed docu- 
ments of either Hou^e are kept. 

SEEGEA:NT-AT-AEMS. what are th^ 
duties of the Sergeant- at-arms? 

He is to assist the Speaker to keep order 
in the Hou«e. 

Is he required to give bonds? 

Yes. After he is elected and has taken 
the oath of office, he must give bonds with 
two or more securities, to be approved hj 



24 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 

the first comptroller of the Treasury, for 
the sum of |50,000, as disbursing officer of 
the United States. 

Can a member of congress go, as secur- 
ity, on such a bond? 
^No. 

With whom shall these bonds be depog^- 
ited? 

With the first Comptroller of the Treas- 
ury. 

How are the members of the House paid? 

Out of the United States Treasury, on an 
order drawn by the Sergeant-at-arms of 
the House. He must keep accurate ac- 
count of the salaries and mileage of the 
members and delegates and pay them as 
above stated* 

How long does he hold his oflflce? 

He continues in office^ the same as the 
Clerk, until his successor is elected and 
qualified, unless otherwise removed. 

Does the Sergeant-at-Arms do all this 
work? 

!so, the law allows him as assistants, one 
deputy, one cashier, one paying teller, one 
bookkeeper, one messenger, one page, and 
one laborer. These are all jm^id by the gov- 
ernment. 

The Sergeant-at-Arms of both Houses 
have the right to appoint the eapitol police 



EASY LESSONS IN GIVIL GOVERNMENT. 25 

under the call of the House. 

What else is the Sergeant-at-Arms re- 
quired to do? 

In the absence of a quorum^ fifteen mem- 
bers including the Speaker shall be author- 
ized to compel the attendance of those ab- 
sent, the doors shall be closed and the ab- 
sentees noted, who by the order of the ma- 
jority shall be sent for and arrested, where- 
ever they may be found, by officers appoint- 
ed by the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the House 
shall determine upon what condition or 
fine they shall be discharged. 

THE DOOR-KEEPER.— What are his 
duties? 

The Doorkeeper sees that the rules are 
observed relating to the privileges of the 
Hall and is responsible for the conduct of 
his employees. At the beginning and close 
of each session he must report to the House 
an account of all furniture, books and pub- 
lic property in the various committee and 
other rooms under his charge. This report 
is referred to the committee on account, and 
they hold him liable for missing articles. 

THE POSTMASTER. What are his 
duties? 

He shall keep the postofflce in the Cap- 
itol for the convenience of the members^ 
and is responsible for the safe delivery of 



m EASY LESSONS IN DIVIL GOVBRNMENt. 

their mail. 

The Postofflce is open every day in the 
year, whether Congress is in session or not, 
and the Postmaster must see to forwarding 
all mail, if not delivered. 

THE CHAPLAIN attends the opening 
of each day^'s sitting and opens the same 
with prayer. 

THE PAGES are elected by the Honse, 
usually on the recommendation of some 
member, and receive a salary of two dol- 
lars and a half per day. 

Can a member of either house hold any 
otfier ofiflce under the United States at the 
same time? 

No. 
Are members exempt from arrest? 

Members of both houses cannot be ar- 
rested except for treason, felony or breach 
of the peace, during their attendance upon 
their respective houses, and in going to and 
from the meetings of Congress. 

What is the title given to a member of 
Congress? 

"Honorable.'^ 

Can a person be a member of Congress 
and a Cabinet officer at the same time? 

No, nor can a Representative be appoint- 
ed an elector, or practice in the Court of 
Claims. A member of Congress cannot 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 27 

hold an office he has helped to create. 

A member cannot accept payment from 
a citizen for any service, except for legal 
services and even then the law forbids him 
to accept pay for obtaining pensions. 

Any member fonnd guilty of accepting 
bribes may be expelled or fined or impris- 
oned. A member cannot make a public 
eontract under penalty of $3,000 fine. 

If a member resigns to whom does he 
give his resignation? 

To the Governor of the State. 

What provision does the constitution 
make about members receiving titles? 

"No title of nobility shall be granted by 
the United States, and no person holding 
any office of profit or trust under them 
shall without the consent of Congress, ac- 
cept of any present, emolument, office or 
title of any kind whatever from any King, 
Prince or foreign State.'^ 

Each member and Delegate is entitled 
to a clerk, during the sessions of Congress, 
who is paid out of the contingent fund. 
The amount for clerk hire must not exceed 
$100 a month. 

After the organization and the commit- 
tees appointed, they then being ready for 
business, how is it introduced? 

Usually by the presentation of bills. 



n EASY LKSSONB IN CIVIL GOVERNMEHTv 

What is a bill? 

A form or draft of a law presented. 

What Ib a preamble? 

If there is a preamble^ it is the introduce 
tory part of the document, which states 
the intents and reasons of the same. 

What is a memorial? 

A representation of the facts presented 
to the Legislature for some othei' body, us- 
ually accompanied by a petition. 

How is a bill headed? 

The style and title such as "An act mak* 
ing appropriations — ^^-for the year ending 
July^ — ■^- is used. 

What else in the form of heading? 

Always, "Be it enacted hj the Senate 
and the House of Kepresentatives of the 
United States of America in Congress as* 
sembled ^''' 

When is a bill voted on? 

It can be referred to the proper commit 

tee after the first reading, amended at the 
Becond and voted on after the third. Af* 
ter the third reading the bill cannot be 
amended but can be debated. 

What is then done? 

The vote is taken. If carried by a ma^ 
Jority it passes. Only after a bill is passed 
is the "title'' subject to amendments and 
that without debate. 



EASY LES'SONS IN CIVIL GOVERN-MENT. 29 

What is done with a bill after it passes? 

The engrossed bill, certified to by the 
(^lerk is then carried by the Clerk of the 
lioiise to the Secretary of the'Senate, where 
the bill is presented with a message re- 
questing concurrence. 

If the bill passes the Senate, what is 
then clone with it? 

If it passes both houses, it is enrolled on 
parchment under the direction of the Clerk 
or Secretary of the House in which it ori- 
ginated ancl is then signed by the Speaker 
of the House and President of the Senate. 
It is then taken to the President at the 
Executive Mansion by the Clerk or some 
member of the enrolling committee to be 
signed. The date when presented is on the 
bill. 

If the President approves the bill what 
does he do? 

He v-rites the word '^approved'' on the 
bill and it becomes a law. It is then depos- 
ited in the state department. 

If the President does not approve the 
measure v>4iat does he do? 

Vetoes it. That is he returns the bill to 
the house in which it originated and upon 
it he states his objections, and these ob- 
jections must be entered at length on its 
journal. 

Can a bill ever become a law over the 



30 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

president's veto? 

It can be reconsidered and if two-thirds 
of the members favor it and it is thus car- 
ried in both houses, it becomes a law even 
over the President's veto. 

Can a bill become a law without the 
President's signature? 

^^es. If a bill is presented to him and 
he does not sign and return it within ten 
days, (Sundays excepted) it becomes a law, 
the same as though he had signed it. The 
Wilson Tariff bill was not signed by the 
President (Cleveland) but became a law\ 

If Congress adjourned and the Presi- 
dent has not signed or returned the bills 
presented to him, what becomes of them? 

They fail to become a law. This has 
been termed a ^^pocket" veto. 

What President first practiced the 
^^pocket" veto privilege? 

Jackson in 1829. 

What does the v/ord veto mean? 

It is a latin word meaning "I forbid." 

In what house must bills for raising rev- 
enue ^^originate?" 

In the House of Representatives, but the 
Senate may propose amendments. 

Which House can impeach? 

The House of Representatives has the 
sole power of impeachment and the Senate 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 31 

the sole power to try impeachments. 

What rules of order govern both House^^ 
of Congress? 

Jefferson's Manual. Outside of thiB 
each house has special rules of its own. 

Who reads the President's message? 

The Clerk. 

What are the modes of voting in the 
House of Representatives? 

By viva voce vote, by teller vote, by bal- 
lot and by the yeas and nays. 

What is the teller vote? 

If the chair in deciding a viva voce vote 
is doubted he asks the members to rise and 
be counted, and if this is doubted he ap- 
points two tellers. These tellers, or count- 
ers, are stationed in front of the Speaker's 
desk, and the voting members pass between 
the tellers, and are counted and the re- 
sult announced to the Speaker. 

What is the yea and nay vote? 

The recorded vote. The Clerk calls the 
roll and each voter is recorded "yea" or 
"nay.'' 

How is the vote in the House of Com- 
mons taken? 

The members go into the lobbv. where 
tliev are counted. 



82 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

'^A maii^s love for his native land lies 

deeper thaa any logical expression among 

the pulses of the heart which vibrate to 

the sanctities of home and to the thoughts 

which leap up from his father's grave.'' 

— Chapin. 

THE SENATE.— Name three functions 
of the Senate. 

Legislative, executive and judicial. 

What are the legislative functions? 

To make laws with the house of repre- 
sentatives. 

What are its executive functions? 

To approve or disapprove the Presi- 
dent's nominations of federal officers, such 
as judges, ministers and ambassadors; also 
oftreaties made by the President. 

What are its judicial functions? 
To try cases of impeachment ^"^referred 
by the house of representatives. 
How are the senators elected? 

By the state legislature for a term of six 
\(^ars. They are elected by a majority of 
both houses. 

Who signs the senators' certificates? 

The governor, under the seal of the state, 
and the president of the senate. It is also 
signed by the secretary of state. 

Do all the senators' terms expire at the 



EASY LEStSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 3^ 

same time? 

No. The constitution provides that one- 
third of the senators shall be elected every 
two years, and no state shall elect both of 
its senators at the same time. 

In case of vacancy how is the office filled? 

If a vacancy occurs during the recess of 
the legislature, the governor makes the ap- 
pointment until the legislature meets, and 
then they fill the vacancy. 

How long does a senator appointed to fill 
a vacancy hold his seat? 

Until the next session of the legislature 
elects a successor. 

If the state legislature fails to elect a 
senator, having had an opportunity, can 
the governor fill such vacancies? 

No. 

At what age is a person eligible to the 
office as senator? 

Thirty years, and must have been a citi- 
zen of the United States nine years. 

How^ many senators has each state? 

Two. 

How many senators in all have we? 

Ninety. (1897.) 

When does a term begin? 

On the fourth of March, on the expiration 
of the term of his predecessor. 

What salary does a senator receive? 

$5,000 per annum. He also receives, for 



^4 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

expenses, mileage at the rate of twenty 
cents a mile traveling to and from congress 
and one hundred and twenty-five dollars 
for stationery, paid from the national treas- 
m^y. 

Who presides in the senate? 

The vice president of the United States, 
by virtue of his oflflce, is president of the 
senate. If the vice president is unable to 
preside, the senate chooses one of its mem- 
bers to ble president pro tempore. 

Does the senate organize in the same 
manner as the house? 

Not exactly. The senate chooses its new 
oJBficers at the beginning of the new con- 
gress — such as secretary, clerks, sergeant- 
at-arms, pages, etc. 

If the vice president is not present at the 
opening of the new congress who presides? 

The secretary, until the president pro 
tempore is elected. 

Is the vice president a member of the 
senate? 

No; and he can only vote when the senate 
is equally divided; when he gives the cast- 
ing vote. 

Has the president of the senate the same 
privilege as the speaker of the house in ap- 
pointing committees? 

No; as he is not a member of the senate. 



EASY l^ESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 35 

the committees are elected by ballot by the 
members. 

Who administers the oath of office to the 
senators? 

The president of the senate. 

What is the oath? 

The same as that taken by the represen* 
tatives. 

What are the duties of the secretary of 
the senate? 

Similar to those of the clerk of the house 
as to the business brought before the sen- 
ate. 

How are the senators paid? 

By the secretary of the senate. The sei^- 
retaryj as the disbursing officer of the sen- 
ate, must, within thirty days after election, 
give a bond to the Unite States, with secur- 
ities to be approved by the first comptroller 
of the treasury, for twenty thousand dol- 
lars. 

How are bills passed in the senate? 

The routine business of the senate in 
presenting and passing bills is similar to 
that of the house. 

Is the previous question used in the sen- 
ate? 

No, it is not used in the senate, but it is 
in the house. 

The president of the senate appoints 



36 EASY DBSSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

three senators on the board of regents of 
the Smithsonian institution; also, other na- 
tional institutions are represented by sen- 
ators. 

Who presides over the senate in case the 
president of the United States is im- 
peached? 

The chief justice of the supreme court of 
the United States. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 37 



"Signs of nobleness, like stars, shall 
shine on all deserved/' — Macbeth, 1:4. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Who is the Executive officer of the Fed- 
eral Government? 

Art. II of the Constitution reads: "The 
executive power shall be vested in a Pres- 
ident of the United States of America.'' 

Who is our President? 

William McKinley of Ohio. (1897.) 

What are the qualifications of a Presi- 
dent? 

He must be thirty-five years of age a "na- 
tive born citizen" and a resident of the 
United States fourteen years. 

For how long is he elected? 

Four years is a term and he may be re- 
elected. 

What salary does he receive? 

$50,000 a year. 

Has this always been the salary of the 
President? 

No. In 1873 it was increased from $25,- 
000 to $50,000, 

How is the President elected? 

By the people through the electors. 
(See Electoral College.) 



IS EASY LESSONS IN CIYIL GOVERNMENT, 

When does his term of office begin? 

On the fourth of March following his 
election. 

Who administers the^ath of office to the 
President on inauguration day? 

The Chief Justice of the United States- 

Where does he gwe his inaugural ad- 
dress? 

On the eastern steps of the Capitol. 

What is the oath? 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I 
will faithfully execute the office of Presi- 
dent of the United States and will, to the 
best of my ability, preserve, protect, and 
defend the constitution, of the United 
States." 

After a bill has passed and becomes a 
law, what is the duty of the President? 

'^He shall take care that the law is faith- 
fully executed." 

In case the President dies or the office 
becomes vacant, who becomes President? 

The Vice-President fills the unexpired 
term. 

Have both offices ever been vacant at the 
same time? 

No. 

How many Presidents have died while 
in office? 

Four; Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln and Gar- 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 30 

field. 

Name the order in which the office of 
President is filled if vacant by removal or 
death? 

By the Vice-President, and then by the 
Cabinet officers in the following order: 
Secretarj^ of State, Treasurer, Secretary of 
War, Attorne}^ General, Postmaster Gen- 
eral, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of 
the Interior. 

What are some of the powders granted 
the President? 

^^He shall have pov/er to nominate, and 
by and vrith the advice and consent of the 
Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
supreme court, and all other officers of the 
U. S. whose appointments are not other- 
wise provided for, and w4iich shall be es- 
tablished by law.'' 

^^ITe shall have power to fill all vacan- 
cies that may happen during the recess of 
the Senate by granting commissions, which 
shall expire at the end of the next session.'- 

The President is Commander-in-Ohief of 
tlie army and navy and the militia of the 
several states when called into national 
service. 

lie has power to grant reprieves and 
pardon for offences against the United 
states, except in cases of impeachment, 



40 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

with the consent of the Senate. 

He has power to make treaties with for- 
eign countries with the consent of the Sen- 
ate 

He has power to call extra sessions of 
Congress. 

He appoints all the Cabinet officers. 

He gives to Congress from time to time 
information concerning the state of the 
Union. All orders, resolutions or acts 
passing both houses must be presented to 
the President and he has the privilege of 
signing or not. 

In order that the President may be able 
to carry out all laws passed in Congress, 
he has the privilege of appointing sub- 
ordinate officers, the principal ones being 
called the Cabinet officers. 

VICE-PKESIDENT. 

Who is our Vice-President? 
Garret Hobart of New Jersey. (1897.) 
What are the qualifications of a Vice- 
President? 

The same as the President. 

What salary does he receive? 

18,000 a year. 

Who administers the oath of office to the 
Vice-President? 
The retiring Vice-President in the pres- 



EASY LESSONS IN diVIL GOVERNMENT. 41 

ence of CongTess, on March 4th. He takes 
the oath of office before the President is 
sworn. 

What does the Vice-President do as soon 
as he has taken the oath? 

After prayer by the Chaplain he requests 
the new Senators to come forward and take 
the oath of office. 

How many Vice-Presidents have been 
called upon to finish out the presidential 
term? 

P^'our. 

Who were they? 

John Tyler, 1841; Millard Fillmore, 18- 
50; Andrew Johnson, 1865; Chester A. Ar- 
thur, 1881. 

THE ELECTOPvAL COLLEGE. 

Are the Presidents and Vice-Presidents 
elected by the direct vote of the r>eople? 

No. 

How are they elected? 

By electors, elected by the people. 

How are these electors elected? 

In every Presidential ele<:*tion, or what is 
called Presidential election, each state 
elects as many electors as they have Sena- 
tors and Eepresentatives in Congress and 
each elector has one vote. For instance, 
Ohio has twenty-one Representatives and 



42 EASY LE,g;SONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

two Senators in Congress therefore is en- 
titled to twentj^-three electors. 

To how many electors are the different 
States entitled? 

Alabama 11 Nebraska 8 

Arkansas 8 Nevada 3 

California 9 New Hampshire . . 4 

Colorado 4 New^ Jersey 10 

Connecticut 6 New York 3(5 

Delaware 3 North Carolina ... 11 

Florida 4 South Carolina ... 9 

Georgia 13 North Dakota 3 

Idaho 3 Ohio 23 

Indiana 15 Oregon 4 

Illinois 24 penPtSylvania 32 

Iowa 13 Ehode^ Island 4 

Kansas 10 South Dakota 4 

Kentucky 13 Tennessee 12 

Louisiana 8 Texas 15 

Maine G Utah 3 

Maryland 8 Vermont 4 

Massachusetts . . .15 Virginia 12 

Mi(higan 14 Washington 4 

Minnesota 9 West Virginia ... 

Mississippi 9 Wisconsin 12 

Missouri 17 Wyoming 3 

Montana 3 

Is the Electoral College a permanent 
body? 

No, they are elected every four years and 
serve only in the casting of tlieir bollots 



EASV LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 43 

for the President and Vice-President. 
When does this election take place? 

The first Tuesday after the first Monday 
in November of every fourth year. This is 
the same in all states. 

Can a Sienator, Kepresentative or any 
person holdiuj; a position in the general 
government, serve as a presidential elect- 
or? 

No. 

Where do the Electors meet to cast their 
ballots? 

Each state's electors meet at their res- 
pective capitols. 

When does this meetino; take place? 

Always in each state the second Mondav 
in January. All of the Electors meet at 
the same time. 

What is their order of conducting tiie 
Electoral College? 

The College is organized, each elector 
takes the oath of oflice. The Electors then 
vote for President and Vice-President. 
These votes are counted by tellers, when 
the vote has been co anted, three separate 
lists are made of all the persons voted for 
as President and Vice-President and ho>v 
many votes each received. These lists are 
sealed, signed and certified to by all th(* 
Electors. 



44 EASY LBSSONiS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



What becomes of these three lists? 

One is sent by mail, and one is sent by 
a special messenger to the president of the 
United States' Senate, and the third one 
is taken by a messenger and deposited with 
the United States District Court Judge of 
the district in which the Electors meet. 

How^ are the messengers elected ? 

By lot in the College. 

Are the Electors paid a salary? 

No. But their expenses are paid by the 
state. 

Why are three copies made? 

In order to preserve the record and to 
provide against accident. 

What if the copies should fail to reach 
the president of the Senate? 

The Secretary of the State is notified and 
he sends a messenger to procure the copy 
deposited with the District Judge. 

When are these votes counted in Con- 
gress? 

The second Wednesday of February 
when the members of both houses meet in 
the House of Representatives at 1 p. m. 

Who presides? 
The president of the Senate. 
The sealed envelopes are then opened bj 
the president of the Senate, As these are 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 45 

opened all the certificates and papers pur- 
porting to be certificates of the Electoral 
votes are acted upon in alphabetical order 
of the States, and are handed to the four 
tellers (two from each house), and read 
aloud. A list is made of the votes cast by 
each state and the result announced. 

The person voted for as President hav- 
ing the highest number of votes and a ma- 
jority of all votes cast is elected. 

The Vice-President is elected in the 
same way. 

Suppose no one received a majority of 
the votes cast? 

There would be no election. 

In case of no election what would be 
done? 

The House would then elect the Presi- 
dent and the Senate the Vice-President. 

Why naturally would the House elect 
the President and the Sjenate the Vice- 
President? 

The President represents the nation and 
elected indirectly by the people, next to 
the Electoral College, would be the Repre- 
sentatives, who had been elected directly 
by the people. As the Vice-President is 
the President of the Senate, if there is no 
election in the College the Senate would 
naturally elect their own president. 



46 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

How does this election for President pro* 
ceed? 

The House takes three persons who had 
received the highest number of votes in the 
Electoral OoUege and proceeds to ballot. 
The votes are taken by States and the rep- 
resentation from each State has one vote. 
A quorum for this purpose consists of a 
member or members each from two thirds 
of all the states. 

What vote in the House would then 
elect? 

A majority of all the States. 

What would be done if the House failed 
to elect before the fourth of March? 

The Vice-President would act as Presi- 
dent until one was elected. 

How many Presidents have been elected 
by the House? 

Two. Thomas Jefferson and John 
Quincy Adams. 

In 1801 when the Electoral votes were 
counted, Jefferson and Burr on the Eepub- 
lican ticket each received 73 votes, a tie; 
John Adams 65 and Charles Pickney 65. 
As there was no election, the election was 
thrown into the House, which elected 
Thomas Jefferson. 

In 1825 the candidates in the Electoral 
College received: Andrew Jackson 99; John 



EiASY LESSONS IN OIVIL GOVERNMENT. 47 

Quincy Adams, S4; William CraAvford, 42 
votes. There being no election the House 
elected John Quincj Adams, although he 
did not receive the highest \'ot^ in Ihe 
Electoral College. 

Is the Electoral College the same today 
that it was when the first President was 
elected? 

No. The electoral votes did not state 
whether the candidates named in them 
were candidates for the presidency or the 
vice-presidency. Each Elector in the Col- 
lege wrote two name^s. In the official 
count the candidate having the highest 
number of votes, providing he had a ma- 
jority of all votes cast, would be declared 
President, and the candidate receiving the 
next highest w^as declared Vice-President. 
This caused a good deal of dissatisfaction; 
so, in 1804 the 12th amendment was made 
to the Constitution, which gives us our 
present system. 

What Vice-President was elected by the ,^Lj^ 
Senate? . .^^ ,^*^ ^ 

Kichard M. Johnson in 1837, ''^ ^ " ^ 

How many electoral votes did Washing- 
ton receive? 

Sixty-nine. 

How many states voted for him? 

All but New^ York, Ehode Island and 
North Carolina- 



48 EASY DESiBONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

MEMBERS OF THE CABINET. 

Who appoints the Cabinet? 

The President, and the Senate eonflrms* 

Name the departments and when estab- 
lished? 

The department of State, July 27, 1789. 

The department of War, Augj 7, 1789. 

The Treasury department, Sept. 2, 1789. 

The Post-ofQce department. May 8, 1794. 

The department of the Navy, April 30, 
1798. 

The department of the Interior, March 
3, 1849. 

The department of Justice first in 1789; 
then June 22, 1870. 

The department of Agriculture, Febru- 
ary 12th, 1889. 

What is the salary of a Cabinet officer? 
^8,000 a year. The Cabinet officers are 
considered an advisory board and each 
stands at the head of a department. 

THE SECRETARY OF STATE. Who 
was the first Secretary of State? 

Thomas Jefferson. 

What are the duties of the Secretary of 
State? 

He has charge of Foreign affairs and is 
the only officer who has the authority to 



EASY LEiSSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 49 

communicate with other governments in 
the name of the President of the United 
States. He attends to the correspondence 
with the public ministers and consuls of 
the United States, giving them instructions 
abroad and takes a leading part in the ne- 
gotiations of Treaties. He keeps the na- 
tional archives, superintends the publica- 
tion of laws, treaties, presidential mes- 
sages, etc., and the proclamation declaim- 
ing the admission of new states into the 
Union. Be is the keeper of the great seal 
of the United States, and affixes it to all 
official papers. He must keep Congress in- 
formed as to the relations between foreign 
countries and our own. 

SECRETAEY OP THE TREASURY, 

Who was the first Secretary of the Treas- 
ury? 

Alexander Hamilton. 

What are the duties of the Secretary? 

He looks after the financial interests of 
our country, suggests plans for creating 
revenue, and maintaining the credit of the 
United States. He superintends the col- 
lection o(f thei revenue. He grants war- 
rants for all money drawn from the Treas- 
ury, in accordance with the appropriations 
made from time to time by Congress. 

He superintends the coinage, en^graving 



50 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

and printing of money, the National Banks,, 
the custom house, coast survey and light 
house system, the marine hospitals and life 
saving service and is the supervising in- 
spector-general of steam boats. 

He also looks after and pays the interest 
on the national debt. 

Though there are many in the Treasury 
department to carry out the work such as 
Secretaries, Auditors, a Eegister, a Comp- 
troller, Clerk, etc., the Secretary of the 
Treasury has a general supervision over it 
all. 

Through this department all money due 
the Government is received. 

The Treasurer has in charge the receiv- 
i^*^" and disbursement of all public moneys 
t are deposited in the Treasury at 
shington and the subtreasurer at Bos- 
' -\, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia* 
New Orleans, San Francisco, St. Louis^ 
Chicago and Cincinnati; also,, the National 
Bank United States depositories; is trustee 
for the bonds held to secure national bank 
circulation and public deposits in national 
banks, etc. 

What are some of the duties of a Eegis- 
ter? 

He keeps an account of all receipts and 
expenditures of the Government except 
those belonging to the Postoffice depart- 



EAST LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 51 

ment. He signs and issues all bonds of 
the United States: his name is upon bonds 
and United States notes: his books at any 
time must show the linancial condition of 
the government. 

What are some of the duties of the Comp- 
troller of the Treasury? 

He is required to give his decision upon 
the Yalidit,y of a payment to be made, to 
approve, disapprove or modify all decisions 
of the Auditors. 

^'The Comptroller passes upon the suffic- 
iency of authorities to indorse drafts and 
receive and receipt for mxOney from the gov- 
ternment and upon the evidence ]3resented 
in application for duplicates of lost or de- 
stroyed U. S. bonds, drafts, checks, etc." 

The Comptroller of Currency has charge 
of the national banking system to see that 
the law is complied with in organizing and 
carrying on national banks. He sees that 
national bank accounts are examined by 
" ^^ents and makes regular reports. 

He has charge of printing bank notes and 
delivering the same. 

How many Auditors of the Treasury de- 
partment ? 

The business of the entire Treasury de- 
jartmont is audited by six auditors. 

What are the duties of the Director of 
.. . .:it? 



52 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

He lias the supervision of all mints and 
assay officers in the U. S. and receives for 
adjustment the accounts of the mints and 
assay offices, etc. He tests the weights and 
fineness of coins, etc. 

What other departments of the Treasury- 
besides these already given? 

A Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who 
superintends the collection of duties and 
taxes levied by Congress. 

A Solicitor of the Treasury who looks 
after the attempted frauds of the custom 
revenue. As law officer of the Treasury de- 
partment many matters are referred to him 
under the customs, navigation, banking 
and registration laws. 

What is the purpose of the Bureau of 
Printing and Engraving? 

It is where engraving and printing de- 
signs for the government are made, such 
as United States notes, bonds and certi 
flcates, national bank notes, internal rev- 
enue and custom stamps, treasury drafts 
and checks, disbursing officers^ checks, li- 
cences, commisions, patent and pension 
certificates, etc., etc. 

What is the purpose of the Bureau of 
Statistics? 

It is wheiie reports of trade and com- 
merce of the country are kept. 



EASY LESiSONS IN CIVIL GOVRRNMENT. 53 

What do the "scales'^ on the seal of the 
\J. S. Treasury rej^resent? 

They represent justice, the "key'' secur- 
ity, and the "rule'' exactness. 

THE SECRETARY OF WAR. Who 
was the first Secretary of War? 

Henry Knox of Kentucky, 

What are the duties of the Secretary of 
War? 

He has charge of the military afflairs of 
the country; carries out the orders of the 
President concerning the military service; 
has supervision of all the estimates for ap- 
propriations for the expenses of the depart- 
ment; purchases army supplies and attends 
to the transportation of armies. 

He, also, has supervision of the military 
academy at West Point; also, the National 
Cemeteries. 

THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
What are the duties of the Secretary of the 
Navy? 

Under the directions of the President of 
the United States, he has general supervis- 
ion of the navy department, such as con- 
structing, manning and equipping vessels 
of war? 

How many divisions in the department? 

There are eight departments under the 
heads of bureaus. Bureaus of yards and 



54 EASY LEfSiSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

docks; equipments and recruiting; naviga- 
tion; ordnance; construction, and repair; 
steam engineering; provisions and cloth- 
ing; medicine and surgery. 

The Naval Observatory at Washington 
is under the direction of the Secretary of 
the Navy. 

THE ATTOENEY GENERAL,— What 
are the duties of the Attorney General? 

He is the legal advisor and is at the head 
of the Department of Justice. He has the 
general superintendency of the United 
States attorneys and marshals in all the 
Judicial districts in the States and Terri- 
tories. He represents the United States in 
all suits at law with the government; he 
gives his advice and opinion when asked 
by the head of any department or by the 
President. He examines titles to lands for 
the erection of public buildings, etc. 

Who was the first Attorney General un- 
der Washington? 

Edmund Randolph of Virginia. 

THE SECRETARY OF THE INTE- 
RIOR.— What are his duties? 

He has general supervision of public bus^ 
iness relating to patents for inventions; 
pensions and bounty lands; the public land& 
and surveys; the Indians; education; rail- 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 55 

road; geographical survey; the census; the 
Hot Springs reservation in Arkansas; Yel- 
low Stone national park in Wj^oming; and 
the Yosemite, Sequoia and General Grant 
parks in California; the distribution of ap- 
propriations for agricultural and mechani- 
cal policies in the states and territories, etc. 

THE POST MASTER GENERAL.— 

Who v>^as the first Post Master General? 

Samuel Osgood of Massachusetts, ap- 
pointed in 1789. 

What are the duties of the Post Master 
General? 

He has full direction and management of 
the Post Office department. 

Who appoints the four Assistant Post 
Master Generals? 

The President with the consent of the 
Senate. The Post Master General ap- 
points all other officers and employes arid 
all post masters whose compensations do 
not exceed |1,000. All others are appoint- 
ed by the President and Senate. The Sec- 
retary controls the style of postage stamps 
and envelopes made by the government. 
Prescribes the rules and regulations for the 
entire postal system. 

With the consent of the President the 
Post Master General makes postal treaties 
with foreign governments. 



56 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

What are some of the postal laws? 

No post office can be kept in a bar room. 
Every letter carrier must give bonds with 
security to be approved by the Post Mas- 
ter General for the safe delivery of mail. 
Letter Carriers are approved by the Post 
Master General upon the recommendations 
of the Post Master. The Post Master Gen- 
eral may prescribe a uniform dress to be 
worn by letter carriers, and anyone 
wearing this uniform not connected with 
the postal service is liable to a fine of not 
more than |100. or imprisonment of six 
months or both. 

SPECIAL DELIVEEY SERVICE.— 

What are post roads? 

They are thoroughfares by land or water 
over which mail travels. Mails must go on 
the fastest trains. Railroads carry mail by 
weight so much for every hundred pounds 
There are four classes of mail. First class 
contains written matter. Second class pe- 
riodical publications. Third class miscel- 
laneous printed matter. Fourth class mer- 
chandise. Postal cards cannot be issued 
by private parties. 

What are the mail rates? 

The letter rate is two cents for every 
ounce or fraction of an ounce. Periodicals, 
magazines, etc., are one cent a pound when 



EASY LE.SSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 57 

sent from a I'egistered publishing house or 
news agency, otherwise they are one cent 
for four ounces. Books are one cent for 
every two ounces or fraction of an ounce. 
Merchandise is one cent an ounce, limited 
to four pound packages. Circulars and 
printed matter in an unsealed envelope are 
one cent for two ounces. 

SECEETAEY OF AGRICULTURE.— 

The Secretar-y of Agriculture has charge of 
what business? 

Of all public business pertaining to the 
agricultural industry. He has supervision 
over all agricultural experiment stations, 
that are supported by the government. He 
superintends the gathering and printing of 
all agricultural statistics and the distribu- 
tion of valuable seeds, etc., for experiment 
and improvement of production. The 
weather bureau since 1891 has been under 
this department. The Assistant Secretary 
of Agriculture and Clerk of the Weather 
Bureau are appointed by the President. 

NAME THE PRESENT CABINET OFFI- 
CERS, TERM, 1897 to 1901. 

Secretarv of State, Hon. John Sherman 
of Ohio. 

Secretary of the Treasury, Hon. Lyman 
J. Gage of Illinois. 

Seorotary of War, Gen, R. A. Alger of 



58 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Michigan. 

Secretary of the Navy, lion John D. Long 
of Massachusetts. 

Attorney General, Hon. John W. Griggs 
of New Jersey. 

Secretary of the Interior, Hon. C. N. Bliss 
of New York. 

Post Master General, Hon. James A. 
Gary of Maryland. 

Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. James 
Wilson of Iowa. 

DIPLOMATIC SERVICE. 

Who has charge of the Diplomatic Ser- 
vice of the United States? 
The Secretary of State. 

How^ are our interests represented in for- 
eign countries? 

By Ambassadors,Envoys Extraordinary, 
Mninisters Plenipotentiary, Ministers Res- 
ident, Consuls-General, Consuls, and Com- 
mercial Agents. 

llov/ are they appointed? 

By the President. 

What is meant by Ambassador? 

An Ambassador is a diplomatic agent of 
the highest rank, employed to represent of- 
ficially a sovereign nation at a foreign 
court. 

Vv liat countries are represented by U. S. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 59 

Ambassadors? 

Great Britain, France, Germany and 
Italy. 

What are Envoys Extraordinary and 
Ministers Plenipotentiary? 

In diplomacy that is the full title of Min- 
isters of the second grade resident in a for- 
eign country, next in dignity to an ambas- 
sador. They act as the agents for commu- 
nication and the transaction of business be- 
tween the two governments. 

What country sent the first di^^lomatic 
representative to this country? 

France in 1778. 

The whole consular service is the great 
factor in looking after our entire foreign 
affairs. We have more than twelve hun- 
dred persons connected with our govern- 
ment, located in the important cities and 
towns of the w^orld. 

In how many countries are we represent- 
ed? 

Forty-three. 

How many countries are represented in 
this country? 

Thirty-nine. 

How are they supported? 

By a salary paid by the country sending 
them. 

How are thev recognized in the country 



60 EASY LEBSONS IN CIVIL aOVERNMENT. 

to Avliicli they are sent? 

They are known by their credential 35. 
These credentials of foreign ministers are 
presented to the Secretary of State and ex- 
amined. 



DASy LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 61 



JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

What is meant by the Judicial Depart- 
ment? 

The Cfemstitution says: ^^The Judicial 
power of the United States shall be vested 
in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior 
courts as the Con.2:ress may from time to 
time, ordain or establish/' 

How are Federal Courts divided? 
Into three classes. 

The Supreme Court, the Circuit Court, 
and the District Court. 

When was the first Supreme Court held? 
In 1790 in New York. 

How many members of the Supreme 
Court? 

Nine. Each Judge is also presiding 
judge of a circuit court. 

How many in the original Supreme 
Court? 

Six. 

How are they appointed? 
By the President and confirmed by the 
Senate. 



62 EASY LEiSSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

How long do the judges of both the Su- 
preme and Circuit Courts hold office? 

For life or during good behavior. The 
Judges of the Federal Courts can only be 
removed by impeachment and conviction 
by the Senate. 

If a Judge has attained the age of seven- 
ty-five years and has served two consecu- 
tive years he may retire on full pay. 

What salary do the Judges of the Su- 
preme Court receive? 

110,500 for the Chief Justice and the As- 
sociate Judges 110,000, each, per year. 

y/hat are the powers of the Supreme 
Court? 

See Constitution. 

When does the Supreme Court meet? 

At Washington in the Capitol in a cham- 
ber formerly occupied by the Senate. The 
session convenes the second Monday in Oc- 
tober and continues until July of every 
year. The justices all wear black gowns 
and are the only public officers who use 
any official dress. 

How many constitute a quorum to ren- 
der a court decision? 

Six. 

In any case given to the Supreme Court 
of the United States, is the decision final? 

Yes. Every case is discussed bv the 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 63 

whole bodj^ twice, once to get the opinion 
of the majority and then to tal^e final ac- 
tion. 

liovv^ many Circuit Courts have we? 

Nine. Each presiding Judge is assisted 
by special circuit judges. These courts are 
held annually. We have now 72 District 
Courts, 9 Circuit Courts, 9 Appellate Courts 
the Court of the District of Columbia, Terri- 
torial Courts, the Court of Claims, and Con- 
sular Courts. 

How are the District Courts, Circuit 
Courts and Courts of Appeals regulated? 

By Congress. These Ctourts are estab- 
lished to relieve the Supreme Court. 

What states are classed together in the 
nine circuit courts? 

The first Judicial Circuit: the districts of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
Ehode Island; Justice Grey. 

The second Judicial Circuit: the districts 
of Vermont, New York, Connecticut; Jus- 
tice Peckham. 

The third Judicial Circuit: the districts 
of Nevr Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware: 
Justice Shiras. 

The fourth Judicial Circuit: the districts 
of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, 
North Carolina, Soutli Carolina; Chief Jus- 
tice Fuller. 



64 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

The fifth Judicial Circuit: The districts 
of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, Texas; Justice White. 

The sixth Judicial Circuit: The districts 
of Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, Tennessee; 
Justice Brown. 

The seventh Judicial Circuit: The dis 
tricts of Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin; Jus- 
tice Harlan. 

The eighth Judicial Circuit: The dis- 
tricts of Minnesota, North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Wyoming, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, 
Nebraska, Colorado; Justice Brewer. 

The ninth Judicial Circuit: The dis- 
tricts of California, Montana, Washington 
Oregon, Nevada; Justice McKenna. 

The Circuit Courts sit in the several dis- 
tricts of each circuit, successively and the 
law requires that each Justice of the Su- 
preme Court shall sit in each district of 
his circuit at least once in every two years. 

Are there other circuit Judges appoint- 
ed? 

Yes, two or more for each circuit. 

At what salary? 

$6,000, each. 

Who, by virtue of his office, is presiding 
Judge of th Circuit Court? 

One of the Justices of the Supreme 
Court. 



EASY LESSONS IN OIVIL GOVERNMENT. 65 

The Circuit Court may be held by the 
Circuit Judge alone, or by the Supreme 
Court Circuit Judge alone, or by both to- 
gether, or by either sitting alone with the 
District Judae of the District Court. 

What are the District Courts? 

They are the third and lowest of the 
Federal Tribunals. 

How many Judicial Districts have we? 

Seventy-two. Each state is entitled to 
at least one district. 

How many District Judges are there? 

Sixty-three. Some of the Judges must 
preside over two districts. 

Each district also has its District Attor- 
ney. 

What are the duties of a District Attor- 
ney? . 

To prosecute offenders against Federal 
laws and to conduct civil cases in which 
the government is either defendant or 
plaintiff. 

The District Attorney is the United 
States law officer for that District. 

The Court of Claims meets in Washing- 
ton and decides what claims against the 
United States should be paid. 

What salary do the Judges of the Court 
of Claims receive? 

|4,500 a year each. 



66 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

What salary do the District Judges re- 
ceive? 

15,000, each. 

How are the United States commission- 
ers appointed. 

By the Circuit Judges. 

Each of the seventy-two districts have 
a District Marshal and a District Attor- 
ney. 

How are these appointed? 

By the President. 

What power has the United States Mar- 
shal? 

He is the executive officer of the Cir- 
cuit and District Courts and stands in a 
similar relation to these that a sheriff does 
to a county. 

When was the Circuit Court of Appeals 
established? 

In 1891. 

What are Consular Courts? 

They are courts in some cases held by 
American Consuls in foreign countries. 
Usually these cases are troubles arising 
in commercial transactions and are often 
decided by this Court. 



13ASY L;ESSO"]SfS IK "OlVrL GOVERNMENT. B7 

CIVIL SERVICE. 

What do we mean by civil service? 

That all efficient appointed officer 
^should be retained in service, regardless of 
politics, during good behaviol*. 

What does our Civil Service include? 

All government employes except mili- 
tary and naval officers. It is genel'ally ap- 
plied to appointed officers a^ad employes 
in the executive branch of the go^^rnment 
^nd not to the Legislature or Judiciary de- 
partments. 

Who was the first President to depart 
irom the principles of early Civil Service? 

Jefferjson, when the "Spoil System'' was 
introduced. The evil of it continued until 
1865 when a bill was introduced to reform 
the Civil Service. In 1871 an act was 
passed giving the President Authority to 
make rules for admission into the civil ser- 
vice. 

What was then done? 

A Civil Service commission was appoint- 
ed with George William Curtis at its head. 

What were its duties? 

To introduce tests of fitness of appli- 
eants. 

How long did this continue? 

Until 1873, when Congress discontinued 
the appropriation for this commission. 



68 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL aOVERNMENT. 

What bill pertaining to Civil Service re- 
form passed in 1883? 

The ^-Pendleton Act/^ introduced by 
Senator Pendleton of Ohio. 

What did this act provide? 

It provided for a Civil Service commis- 
sion of three representing both parties, 
which should provide competitive exami- 
nations for entrance into such classes of 
the Civil Service as the President desig- 
nates. 

Do all applicants for government posi- 
tions in all the departments have to be 
examined? 

Yes, except as stated above, and if they 
pass a written examination, they are listed 
and from this list of persons thus qualified 
the appointments are made. 

What important departments come un- 
der Civil Service? 

The department service. The postoffice 
service, The Government Printing Service 
and Internal Revenue Service. 

Can a person in the Civil Service be- 
come a member of Congress at the same 
time. 

No. 

THE SIGNAL SERVICE.— What are 
the uses of the Signal Service? 

This service is based on the Science of 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 69 

Meteorology and those engaoed in it are 
largely occupied with the study of weather 
changes, and the laws of storms, their ori- 
gin and progress. 

When was the Signal Service instituted? 

At the beginning of the Civil War, and 
was first used solely for military purposes. 

How is it still conducted? 

By the war department. It now esti- 
mates the weather probabilities based on 
scientific observations, and daily reports 
are published all over the country, 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

How is the District of Columbia gov- 
erned? 

Gongpess has exclusive control of the 
District. The Civil Government of the Dis- 
trict is vested in three Commissioners, two 
of vrhom are appointed by the President 
with the consent of the Senate for three 
years, the third is an officer of the Army 
belonging to the Engineer's Corps, detailed 
by the President for this service. The du- 
ties of these Commissioners are the same 
^s those usually performed by the Mayors 
and boards of Aldermen. 

How are the expenses met? 

The expenses of the District Govern- 
ment are equally divided between the U. 



TO EASY LESSOlSfS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT; 

g. Congress and the property ofwners of 
the District. 

Can the people of the District vote? 

No. Not in the District. 

To what states did the Di^rict of Co^ 
lumbia formerly belong? 

Maryland and Virginia, 

How large was the original District? 

One hundred square miles, 

Hiow large is it now? 

Less than seventy^ 

When did Congress move to Washing- 
ton? 

In 18©0. 

Has the District, at any time^ been rep^ 
lesented in Congress? 

Yes by a delegate. 

When did the District have a Territorial 
form of Government? 

In 1871 the President and Senate ap^ 
pointed a^ Governor and a council, and the 
people elected a louse ^f delegates and i^ 
delegate to Congreiss. 

Did this prove a success? 

Ko; it was abolishd in 1874. 
TEREIT^EIES. 

Have all the startes^ m the Union once 
been territories? 

All except the thirteen^ original statesv 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 71 

How many classes of territories have we 
now? 

Two, organized and unorganized. 

What is the form of government in an 
organized territory? 

An organized territory has a Governor, 
Judges, Secretary of Territory and Attor- 
ney. All appointed by the President and 
confirmed by the Senate. 

For how long are they appointed? 

For a term of four years. 

How are they paid? 

From the National Treasury, 

Of what does the government of a terri- 
tory consist? 

Of legislative, executive and judical 
branches. 

How is the legislative divided? 

Into two houses, called the Council and 
house of Representatives, 

How are the members of the legislature 
elected? 

By the qualified electors in the districts 
of the territory. 

Can the territories make their own laws? 

Laws passing their legislature are sub- 
ject to the approval of Congress. 

How is an organized territory represent- 
ed in Congress? 



72 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

A territory having 5,000 male inhabi- 
tants is entitled to a delegate to Congress. 

What are the privileges of a delegate? 

He can debate motions but cannot vote. 
He can be appointed on committees. 

How is he elected? 

The territorial delegate is elected by the 
vote within the territory. 

Do territories elect electors and have an 
electoral college to vote for President? 

No, they have nothing to do with electing 
thie President or Vice President. 

How are the territories divided? 

Into three judicial districts. Each ter- 
ritory has a Supreme Court and three dis- 
trict courts; — also, there are Justices' 
Courts. 

How many organized territories have 

we now? (1897) 

Three. Oklahoma, Arizona and New 
Mexico. 

How many delegates in Congress? 

Three. 

How can a territory become a state? 

The first act of the territory is to petition 
Congress through their delegate for ad- 
mission into the Union. 

What is done w^ith the petition? 

Congress refers it to the committee on 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 73 

territories. Tlie committee presents a bill 
which if passed defines the boundaries and 
decides on the name of the state, and, also, 
gives the territory the power to elect dele- 
gates to the convention to prepare a con- 
stitution for the state. 

What are the special requirements in 
this act of Congress? 

That the constitution for the new state 
must be republican in form, and it must be 
in harmony with the constitution of the 
United States and Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. 

How are the delegates to this convention 
elected? 

By the voters. 

What do they do? 

Frame a constitution. 

What is then done with this proposed 
constitution? 

It is submited to the electors of the ter- 
ritory to be voted on. 

What is next done?. 

If the constitution is adopted by a major^ 
ity of electors, the Governor of the territo- 
ry sends a copy of the adopted constitu- 
tion to the President of the United States, 
and if he finds that it complies with the re- 
quirements made by Congress he issues a 
proclamation declaring the territory ad 



74 EASY LESSONS IN OIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

mitted as a state into the Union. The peo- 
ple of the state then elect the ofllcers. 

What is an unorganized territory? 

An unorganized territory is subject only 
to the laws of Congress. 

What territory belongs to this class? 

The Indian Territory. 

How is Alaska governed? 

Alaska is governed entirely by Congress 
with a Governor appointed by the Presi- 
dent and Senate. Alaska has no legisla- 
ture. 

NATURALIZATION. How many 

years must a foreigner remain in this coun- 
try before he can take out naturalization 
papers and become a citizen? 

He must reside in the United States 
five years, and one year in the State or 
Territory where he asks for admission to 
citizenship. 

What must he do two years before he 
is admitted to citizenship? 

He must renounce allegiance to any for- 
eign prince or state. 

Can foreigners vote at state elections be» 

fore they take out their naturalization pa- 
pers? 

That is governed by the laws of the 
states. In more than one third of the 
states the election franchise is granted 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 75 

foreigners^ before they are naturalized, by 
declaring their intention of becoming 
American citizens. 

If naturalized citizens go abroad are 
they still protected by the United States? 

Yes: the statutes of the United States 
say that "all naturalized citizens of the 
United States while in foreign countries 
are entitled to and shall receive from this 
Government the same protection of per- 
son and property which is accorded to na- 
tive-born citizens.'^ 

LIBKARY OF CONGRESS. 

Where is the largest Library Building 
in the world? 

The Library of Congress at Washington^ 
^vljicli has a capacity of five million vol- 
umes. This is considered the most gor- 
geous building in America. 

When was the Library of Congress es- 
tablished? 

By an act of Congress in 1800. 

When was it destroyed? 

When the British burned the Capitol in 
1814. It was reestablished by Congress in 
the same year in the central capitol build- 
ing. 

When was it again partially destroyed 
by fire? 
' In 1851. 



76 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL aOVERNMENT. 

What act was passed in 1824? 
An act to appropriate five thousand dol- 
lars annually for the purchase of library 

Ijvooks. 

What did the present Library cost? 

e|5,700,000. 

OUR FLAG. 

Flag of the free hearts hope and home! 
By angel hands to valor given; 
Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, 
And all thy hues were born in heaven. 
Forever float that standard sheet 
Where breathes the foe but falls before us, 
With freedom's soil beneath our feet 
And freedom's banner streaming o'er us? 
— Joseph Rodman Drake. 

When was our American Flag adopted 
by the Continental Congress? 

June 14th, 1777. 

What decree was issued in this Con- 
gress? 

"That the flag of the United States be 
thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; 
that the union be thirteen stars, white on 
a blue field, representing a new constella- 
tion." 

During the early days of the Revolution 
what flag was used? 

Yarioiis designs were made and used. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 77 

The flaj>' used by the Americans at the bat- 
tle of Bunker Hill was called the ^^New 
England Flag.'' This was a blue ground 
\\ ith the red cross of St. George in the cor- 
ner and in the upper staff corner a green 
pine tree. Different flags were designed 
and used until 1775, when Congress ap- 
pointed a committee to make a design for 
a Union flag. 

AVho was on this Committee? 

Dr. Franklin, who suggested they visit 
General Washington to get his opinion on 
a design. 

A design was finally submitted to the 
committee, the committee submitted it to 
Mrs. Betsey Ross, who was a seamstress. 
She made suggestions for the present flag 
and made the first American flag with 
stars and stripes. 

What act was passed April 1818 pertain- 
ing to the flag? 

That the number of stripes be limited 
to thirteen and the number of stars in- 
crease with the number of states; that is, a 
new star was to be added on the fourth of 
July next succeeding the admission of any 
new state. 

Who is supposed to have first unfurled 
the national flag? 

Paul Jone^ on the Ranger, (a naval ves- 
sel), on the day Congress passed the reso- 
lution to adopt it as the national flag. 



T8 EASY LEBSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 

fe the flag always displayed on the Cap- 
itol Building while Congress is in session? 
Yes. 

LIBERTY BELL, 

What is the Liberty Bell? 

It is the Bell that announced the Declar- 
ation of Independence in 1776. 

Where was this bell cast? 

Originally in Londoni in 1752 and recast 
in Philadelphia in 1753, and hung in the 
Pennsylvania State House, afterwards 
known as Independence Hall. 

What is inscribed on the Bell? 

^Troclaim Liberty throughout all the 
Land, unto all the Inhabitants thereof." 

When was it cracked? 

July 8tli, 1835 while being tolled in mem 
ory of Chief Justice Marshall. 

What became of this Bell? 

It is still kept in Independence Hall in 
Philadelphia. 

A new bell w^as made to take the place 
of the old one in 1828. 

When was another bell made and called 
the "New Liberty Bell?'^ 

In 1892. It was made from various 
pieces and kinds of money and metal pre- 
sented by the people of the U. S. for the 
purpose. It was exhibited and dedicated 
at the World's Fair in 1893. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 79 

THE GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED 
STATES. 

When was the U. S. Seal adopted? 

In 1782— June 20th. 

Who designed the seal? 

On July 4th, 1776 Congress appointed 
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and 
Thomas Jefferson a committee to prepare 
a device for the seal. After several de- 
signs were submitted the present one was 
adopted. 

What does the seal represent? 

It represents a spread eagle, the em- 
blem of strength, wearing on its breast an 
escutcheon of thirteen stripes, alternate 
red and white like the national flag. In 
its right talon the eagle holds ^an olive 
branch, the emblem of peace, and in its left 
talon are thirteen arrows representing the 
thirteen states. In its beak is a scroll 
with the motto "E Pluribus Unum," mean- 
ing ^^many in one,'' — many states, one na- 
tion. Over the head is a golden light 
breaking through a cloud and surrounding 
thirteen stars, forming a constellation on 
a blue ground. On the reverse is an unfin- 
ished pyramid, representing the unfinished 
republic, also its strength and duration. 
Above the pyramid is an eye, denoting the 
all-seeing eye of Providence, and over this 
eye are the words "Annuit Coeptis''— "God 



80 EASY LESiSON-S IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

favors the undertaking/^ On the base of 
the pyramid is the Roman date of 1776, 
and below the pyramid are the words, 
"Novus ordo sectorum'' — A new order of 
the age/^ The latter was for a pendant 
seal, not now used. The recumbent seal, 
the obverse above described, being always 
used. 

LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE 
WORLD. 

Where is the Statue of "Liberty Enlight- 
ening the World'' placed? 

In the Harbor of the City of New York? 

When did we get it? 

It was given to the people of the United 
States by the people of France in 1876. 

This Statue is typical of the friendship 
of two powerful nations. 

DUTY, TAX, SINGLE TAX, ETC. 

What is tax? 

Tax is a charge made by the Government 
against the people or property for the sup- 
port of the Government. 

What is duty? 

Duty is a charge laid on articles taken 
out of or brought into a country. 

What is Import Duty? 

A tax levied on goods brought into a 
country. 



1E3ASY L:BSS0NS IK CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 81 

What is an Excise Tax? 

A tax levied on mamufactured artieles 
within a country. 

A schedule of duties placed by the Gov- 
ernment on goods either exported or im- 
ported. Tariffs are defined -as Tariff for 
revenue and Tariff for protection. Out 
tariff is a duty charg^ed for placing on the 
American market, goods of foreign manu- 
facture. 

What i^ a pi^atective taTiff ? 

A tariff on articles v^hich are imported 
from abroad and which are ateo produced 
in this country, that the American manu- 
facturer with higher rates of wages and 
interest to pay, than his foreign competitor, 
may, nevertheless compete with him in the 
American market. 

What is meant by tariff for revenue 
only? 

It means a tariff that provides revenue 
for the Government without intentionally 
giving protection to domestic industries. 

What is Free Trade? 

Free Trade is that theory whose purpose 
is to secure by import duties, money to pay 
government expenses by the least possible 
interference of exchange. In such a case 
the duties are mainly laid on articles not 
produced in this country, and which there- 
fore cannot materially effect natural prices 



82 EASY LE.SSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

for most articles. 

What is an Income Tax? 

A tax imposed on all incomes over a cer- 
tain sum per annum. 

What is revenue? 

It is the annual income of a country de- 
rived from taxation, customs, (excise or oth- 
er sources, and appropriated to the pay- 
ment of the national expense. The revenue 
of the United States is derived from the 
Customs, Internal Eevenue, Direct Tax, 
Public Lands and other sources. 

What are Customs? 

Duties coming from taxes on importa- 
tions. 

What is Internal Eevenue? 

Eevenue coming from taxes on spirits, 
tobacco, and fermented liquors. 

What is Direct Tax? 

Direct Tax is tax upon the person or e»^ 
tate of a citizen, such as houses, lands, mon- 
eys, etc. 

SINGLE TAX FEOM A SINGLE TAX- 
EE\S STANDPOINT. 
What is The Single Tax? 

It is a moral and fiscal reform promulga- 
ted by Henry George. 

What is its fundamental principle? 

The self evident truth that all men are 



13ASY LESIONS IN CIVIL GOTERNMENT. SB 

created equal, and are endowed by their 
<^reator with certain inalienable rights. 
What are these rights? 
The equal right to the use and enjoyment 
of wh<at God has created and what is 
l^ained hj the general srowth and improve- 
ment of the community of which they are 
a part. 

How is it proposed to enfoTCe these 
r^ights? 

No one should be permitted to hold nat- 
ural opportunities mthout a fair return to 
all for any special privilege thus accorded 
him, and that value which tlie growth 
and improvement of the community at- 
taches to land should be taken for the use 
of the community; that each is entitled to 
all his labor produces; therefore no tax 
should be levied on the products of labor. 

How should taxes be levied? 

By raising all public revenues for Na- 
tional, State, County and Municipal pur- 
poses by a single tax upon land values, ir- 
respective of improvements, and all the ob- 
ligations of all forms of dinect and indi- 
rect taxation. 

How should the Single Tax be instituted? 

By the simple and easy way of abolish- 
ing, one after another, all other taxes now 
levied and commensurately increasing the 
tax on land values, until we draw upon 



84 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

that one source for all expenses of govern- 
ment. 

How would this affect the ownership of 
land? 

It would not disturb existing titles, but, 
would make the holding of land unprofit- 
able to the mere owner, and profitable on- 
ly to the user. Thus making speculation 
in land impossible. 

What is the position of Single Taxers on 
monopolies, such as telegraph lines, rail- 
roads, water and gas supplies, etc? 

Such business as requires a grant from 
the people for its operation becomes a pro- 
per social function which should be con- 
trolled and managed by and for the whole 
people concerned through their proper 
government, — local, state or national, — as 
may be. 

How would the Single Tax affect agri- 
cultural districts? 

It would take the weight of taxation off 
the agricultural districts where land has 
little or no value irrespective of improve- 
ments and put it on towns and cities where 
bare land rises to a value of millions of 
dollars per acre. 

For further information read the works 
of Henry George and "National Taxation,'^ 
by Thomas G. Shearman. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 85 

What is Reciprocity? 

It is free interchange or equality of com- 
mercial privileges between the subjects of 
different governments, in each other's ports, 
with respect to shipping and trading of 
merchandise to the extent established by 
treaty. 

COPYRIGHTS. What is a copyright? 

The exclusive right to print and dispose 
of copies of an intellectual production. 

The authors of books, maps, engravings, 
pictures, etc., may obtain the exclusive 
right to print and sell the same for a per- 
iod of twenty-eight years. The copyright 
may be renewed for fourteen years longer. 

How may a copyright be obtained? 

Two copies must be deposited with the 
Librarian of Congress at Washington, D.C., 
and the legal fee of fifty cents for record- 
ing.. The certificate is also fifty cents. 

Can copyrights be granted on Trade 
marks? 

No ; but if protection for names and la- 
bels is desired they must be registered at 
the Patent Office with a fee of six dollars 
for labels and twenty-five dollars for trade 
marks. 

What special act was passed in Congress 
in 1891? 

Granting the privilege of copyright to 
foreigners of nations whose governments 



86 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

gave American citizens the same privilege. 

PATENTS. What do we mean by pat- 
ents? 

Giving the inventor the exclnsive right 
Df making and selling his inventions. 

Where are they secured? 

Applications of patents are made to the 
commissioner of Patents, at Washington^ 
B.C. 

For how long do they run? 

For seventeen years, they may then be 
renewed by an improvement in the inven- 
tiom 

MONEY. 

What is money? 

Any thing that serves as a common me- 
dium of exchange and measure of value. 

Who alone has authority to coin money? 

Congress. 

What is currency? 

Any medium of exchange that is current^ 
whether it be coin, paper or commodities. 
It is however commonly applied in this 
country to paper money. 

How many kinds of paper money in thi& 
country? 

Four: Treasury Notes, National Bank 
Notes, Gold Certificates and Silver Certifir 
eatesv 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 87 

What are Treasury Notes? 

United States bills issued on the credit of 
the Goyernment. These notes are legal 
tender at their face value for all debts pub- 
lic and private, except duties on imports 
and interest on the public debt. 

What are National Bank Notes? 

They are notes issued by the National 
Banks and guaranteed by the Government, 
the banks depositing United States bonds 
as security. 

These notes are legal tender in payment 
of taxes and dues to the government and 
for all dues from the United States to the 
individual, except, they are not legal ten- 
der for import duties, interest on the Pub- 
lic Debt or between individuals. 

What are Gold and Silver Certificates? 

They are notes issued by the Govern- 
ment against deposits of gold and silver 
coin or bullion and may be exchanged for 
such on demand. 

What are the coins? 

Gold, Silver, Nickel, and Copper. 

What is a legal tender, in payment of all 
debts public and private under all circum- 
stances and conditions? 

Gold coin. 

What money was used previous to the 
Bevolutionary War? 



88 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Mostly foreign. Principally, Engligli 
coins and Spanish mill dollars; also, some 
paper money issued by the assemblies of 
the different colonies, and based on the 
credit of the colonv issuing. 

When were our mints fof coining estab^ 
Ushed? 

In 1792 by act of Congress. Many ex- 
periments were made in coinage but noth- 
ing actually established until 1794. 

Where was the first mint established? 

In Philadelphia. 

Where are our mimts for coining money 
MOW located? 

At Philadelphia, San Francisco, New 
Orleans and Carson City. 

Where are our Assay offices? 

New York; Charlotte, North Carolina;. 
Boise City, Idaho; and Denver, Colorado. 

When was silver first coined in the 
United States? 

In 1792. Gold was coined the following 
year. 

What is bimetallism? 

It is the name given to a monetary sys- 
tem in which both gold and silver are on 
precisely the same footing as regards mint- 
age and legal tender. 

What is monometallism? 

The doctrine that only one metal should 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 89- 

be used as a standard of value. 

What is meant by the Gold Standard? 

It means that gold is made the legal 
measure of all moneys and values. 

What is meant by Free Coinage of Sil- 
ver? 

It means the coinage into money of sil 
ver bullion by any one presenting the same 
at the U. S. mint for that purpose. 

What is the present ratio of gold and 
silver? 

16 to 1. 

What is meant by coinage of Gold and 
Silver 16 to 1? 

It means that a silver dollar shall con- 
tain sixteen times the weight of silver that 
a gold dollar contains of gold. 

When was the first greenback issued? 

In 1862. 

What is "flat'^ money? 

Any currency whether paper or metal 
that is placed in circulation and main- 
tained as legal tender by command of the 
government. 

When was " fiat'' money first issued in 
this country? 

Fiat money in small amounts was issued 
by Pennsylvania and other colonies long 
before the Kevolutionary War. This mon- 
ey was suppressed by the English Crown. 



90 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

During the Eevolutionary War the con- 
tinental Congress issued flat money of dif- 
ferent denominations, but the Congress 
having no power to levy taxes and being 
obliged to furnish resources, issued large 
amountls which the colonial government 
could not redeem and thej became worth- 
less in 1780. The English government 
counterfeited them by the milloins. With- 
out this flat money the Continental army 
would have failed and Independence not 
have been achieved. 

What can be done with Greenbacks that 
are burned? 

The charred and blackened remains are 
sent to the Treasury for replacement. The 
identification of these bills so burned is in 
the hands of an expert woman in the Comp- 
troller's office. 

What can be done with mutilated paper 
money? 

When the papier money becomes dirty 
and torn and it is presented to the United 
States Treasury, new notes may be ex- 
changed for them. 

What becomes of the old money? 
Every working day one million dollars are 
destroyed after a proper record has been 
made of the old bills. They are placed in 
large chests and carried to the basement of 
the Treasury building and at 2 p. m. each 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. U 

day three officials meet, one representing 
the Secretary of the Treasury, one the 
Treasurer of the United States, and the 
third the Comptroller of Currency. Each 
bank whose money is to be destroyed is re- 
quired to hare a representative present to 
see that the money is properly disposed of. 
These old bills are then put in a hopper 
with a larf;'e re\ olvingj cylinder containing 
steam and chemicals, which converts the 
paper into a soft pulp which, afterwards, is 
sold. 

What are Government Bonds? 

They are bonds issued by the Govern- 
ment as evidence of indebtedness for mon- 
ey it has borrowed or for obligations it has 
assumed. 

BANKS. 

What is a bank? 

An institution for negotiating credits, 
for discounting notes, for issue of paper 
money and a place for deposit of valua- 
bles. 

What is banking? 

Trading in and with money such as buy- 
ing, selling, exchanging and dealing in 
credit. 

What are the officers of a bank called? 

Bankers. 

What is the oldest bank on record? 

The Bank of Venice established 1171. 



92 EASY LEiSSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

What bank is the most important one 
in the world? 

The Bank of England. 

When was it established? 

It was proposed by William Paterson. 
A bill was passed by the Government, and 
a charter granted April, 1694, for eleven 
years. 

What advantage has an American mar- 
ried woman over an English woman as per- 
taining to banking? 

In England a married woman cannot 
open a bank account unless she has in 
writing the formal consent of her husband. 
Neither can a woman who has opened an 
account with an English bank, while she 
was a single person, withdraw that money 
after she is married, unless, she has the ap- 
proval of her husband. In America she 
has practically the same rights and privi- 
leges, in law, as an unmarried woman. 

When were i banks first established in 
the United States? 

The first bank chartered in the United 
States was the Bank of North America in 
1781. This bank had a ten year charter 
and was located in Philadelphia. 

Who was the founder of this bank? 

Robert Morris. 

When was the first United States bank 
chartered? 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 93 

In 1790 Alexander Hamilton, then Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, recommended in his 
report the establishing of the Bank of the 
U. S.. His plan was adopted by Congress 
and a charter granted in 1791 with a capi- 
tal of 110,000,000. This bank issued no 
bills under ten dollars. 

Who may conduct banks? 

Capitalists may unite under the laws of 
the United States and form a National 
Banking association; or a number under a 
state law and organize a state bank; or one 
person or company may conduct an indi- 
vidual or private bank. 

What is a private bank? 

A private bank is one conducted by an 
individual, or company, without a charter, 
and hence under less restriction than a 
state or national bank. 

If banks are organized under state laws 
what are they required to do? 

They are bo'und by the law and subject 
to inspection. They must also pay a tax 
of ten per cent on the amount of money 
used in their business, and, if they issue 
promises to pay, a coin reserve must be 
kept to pay them. 

When were national banks established? 

They w^ere authorized in 1863 and estab- 
lished in 1864. 

What is meant by a national bank? 



U EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 

A national bank is not owned or conduct- 
ed by tlie Government, but it authorizes its 
creation and prescribes its mode of doing 
business. All national banks come under 
the same law in every state, are subject to 
the same inspection, and use the same 
blanks in making returns to the Treasury 
department at Washington. 

llow^ are national banks organized? 

Under the National Law^, a banking as- 
sociation may be formed by live or more 
persons, who must specif.y in their articles 
of association the general object of thus 
uniting. They must make out their ^'or- 
ganization certificate,'' 
1st. The name of the organization. 

2nd. Place of business. 

3rd. The amount of its stock and the 
number of shares into which it is divided. 

4th. The names and residences of the 
share holders and the number of shares 
held bj^ each. 

5th. A declaration that the certificate 
is made to enable them to avail themselves 
of the advantage of this titJe. 

What is done with these organization 
certificates? 

They must be signed by the persons unit- 
ing to form the association and be acknow- 
ledged before a judge of some court of rec- 
ord or notary public and together vith the 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 95 

acknowledgement by the seal of said court, 
must be sent to the Comptroller of Curren 
cy to be filed and preserved in his office. 

What is the capital stock required? 

No association can be organized with a 
less capital than one hundred thousand dol- 
lars under this title, except, that banks 
with a capital of not less than fifty thous- 
and dollars, may, with the approval of the 
treasury, be organized in any place w^here 
the population does not exceed six thous- 
and inhabitants. No association can be 
organized in a city, the population of 
which exceeds fifty thousand persons, with 
less than two hundred thousand dollars. 

If a national bank is organized in a 
small place with capital stock of fiftv 
thousand dollars can it continue with that 
stock if the town increases to more than 
six thousand people? 

Yes. 

What are the corporate powers of a na- 
tional bank association? 

After incorporation it has power: 

First. To adopt and use a corporate 
seal. 

Second. To do business for the period 
of twenty years from its organization un- 
less it is sooner dissolved according to the 
provisions of its Articles of Association, or 
by the act of its shareholders ownino' two- 



m EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOYEHNMENT. 

thirds of its stock, or unless its franchise 
becomes forfeited by some violation of law. 

Third. To make contracts. 

Fourth. To sue and be sued. 

Fifth. To elect or appoint a board of di- 
rectors; and this board in turn appoints 
the President, Vice-President, Cashier and 
other officers. 

Sixth. To prescribe, by its board of di- 
rectors, ^^by-laws'^ not inconsistent with 
law, regulate the manner in which its 
stock shall be transferred, etc. 

Seventh. To exercise by its board of di- 
rectors or duly authorized agents, subject 
to law, all such incidental powers as are 
necessary to carry on the banking busi- 
ness. 

How is the capital stock divided? 

The capital stock, of each association, is 
divided into shares of one hundred dollars 
each and it is to be deemed as personal 
property. 

Can these shares be transferred? 

Yes;by vote of the association in such a 
manner as may be prescribed in the by- 
laws of the organization. Each person be- 
coming a shareholder by such transfers 
will, in proportion to his shares, succeed to 
all rights and liberties of the prior hr)lder 
of such shares. 

ITow manv directors must each National 



EASY LESSONS IN GIVIL GOVEiRNMENT. 97 

Banking Association have? 

They must have not less than five direc- 
tors, who are elected by the share holders 
at a meeting held smj time before the as- 
sociation is authorized by the Comptroller 
of currency to commence business. The 
directors hold office for one year and until 
their successors are elected and qualified. 
From the board of directors one is chosen 
its president. Each director is entitled to 
one vote for each share of stock held by 
him. Shareholders may vote by proxies, 
duly authorized in writing. No sharehold- 
er whose liability is passed and unpaid is 
allowed to vote. Each director is required 
to take an oath of office, and this is filed 
with the comptroller of currency. 

Must directors be citizens of the United 
States? 

Every director must, during his whole 
term of service, be a citizen of the United 
States, and at least three- fourths of the di- 
rectors must have resided in the state or 
territory or district, in which the associa- 
tion is located, for at least one year imme- 
diately preceding the election, and must 
reside therein during their continuance in 
office. 

How many shares must each director 
own? 

Each and every director must own in his 



98 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

own right at least ten shares of capital 
stock of the association in which he is a di- 
rector. Any director who has ceased to 
be owner of ten shares of stock, or who be- 
comes in any other manner disqualified, 
must thereby vacate his place. 

When must the capital stock be paid in? 

At least fifty per centum of the capital 
stock of every association must be paid in 
before it can be authorized to commence 
business; and the remainder of the capital 
must be paid in installments of at least ten 
per ceiitnm, each, on the whole amount of 
the capital, as frequently as one install- 
ment at the end of each succeeding month 
from the time it shall be authorized by the 
comptroller of the currency to commesnce 
business, and the payment of each install- 
ment must be certified to the comptroller 
under oath b.y the president or cashier of 
the organization. 

After all the provisions required by law 
have been complied with, what does the 
comptroller do? 

He grants the association a certificate 
under his hand and oflftcial seal, authoriz- 
ing them to commence business. 

What is then done by the association? 

They must have their certificate pub- 
lished in newspapers printed in the city or 
county where the association is located^ 



aH]ASY LESSONS IN CIVIL G0VERNM1h]NT. t?l) 

for at least sixty day^ next after the issuing 
thereof. They are then ready to begin 
business. 

Where do the profits of bankers come 
from? 

From the interest on the government 
bonds deposited by the association with 
the United States Treasurer, and from dis- 
counts in negtiating loans, etc. Also, the 
excess of the interest he receives from those 
indebted to him over the interest he allovrs 
to those who have deposited money or pa- 
per with him. 

How may money be paiti out? 

By checks or drafts. 

What are bank notes? 

Bank notes are obligations issued by a 
toank to pay a certain specified sum to the 
bearer on demand. 

Are national bank notes taken every- 
where in the United States? 

Yes; because they are protected by the 
government bond deposited with the Treas- 
urer of the United States. 

How is the clerical work done in banks? 

By cashiers, bookkeepers and tellers. 

CLEARING HOUSE. 

What is a clearing house? 
An establishment where the process of 
clearing or settlini; accounts is carried on. 



100 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

When was the first clearing house for 
bankers established? 

It was established in London in 1775. 
It was used as a place where clerks of 
banks of that city would meet daily to ex- 
change with one another the checks drawn 
upon, and bills payable at their respective 
houses. I j^d 

When was the first bank clearing house 
established in theUnited States? 

1853, in New York City. 

What becomes of a check? Follow a 
check from the time you pay a bill with it 
until it is returned to you. 

The person receiving it may in turn pay 
it over to some one else, they, themselves^ 
endorsing it on the back; or it may be by 
them turned over to the bank to be depos- 
ited to his account. If it is a check on the 
same bank as deposited it is simply held 
there until your bank book is balanced, 
when it is returned to you, together with 
other checks you have issued. 

If it is presented to the bank and cashed 
and the check belongs to some other bank, 
what becomes of it? 

Every check is stamped with the number 
of the bank which is sending it to the clear- 
ing house. At a certain hour all the 
checks are taken by a clerk and these 
checks are exchanged and balances made* 



EAiSY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVEiRNMENT. 101 

These checks are taken back to their re- 
spective banks and finally returned to the 
depositor. 



102 EASY LE,SSONg IN CIVIL GO VEHNMETKr. 

DIRECT LEGISLATION. 

Where is tile germ of a perfect governt- 
ment to be found? 

In the authority of the people. 

What is claimed in regard to the ballot 
in the United States by those who believe 
in direct legislation? 

That it has ceased to be an expression of 
the will of the people. 

How is it claimed the will of the people 
can be restored? 

By the establishment of a pure democ- 
racy. 

What is meant by direct legislation? 

A pure democracy. It is for the people 
to vote for laws instead of voting for repre- 
sentatives and delegate to them the full 
power of making the laws. 

What is the referendum? 

It is the right of the people to pass upon! 
all laws, and by a majority vote accept or 
reject them. 

What is the initiative; 

It is the right of a citizen, or citizens^ 
under certain necessary restrictions, to in 
itiate any needed legislation. 

What is the imperative mandate? 



EASY L:ESS0NS in civil government. 103 

It is tlie right of the people to remove 
any public oiiieer, without regard for the 
length of time for which he may have been 
elected, who has proved unfaithful. 

What is claimed as to present methods 
of legi<siation? 

That they are cumbrous, inefficient and 
easily abuscMl. 

What is the method proposed? 

More direct legislation, this being guar- 
anteed by the spirit and words of the Dec- 
laration of Indv^pendence. More definitely 
this method is defined as the Eeferendum, 
The Initiative, and The Imperative Man- 
date. 

What about the results? 

Legislative bodies would become simply 
<!ommittees of the people to attend routine 
business and consider measures. Which 
anust be submitted to the people before fin- 
al enactment into law. No legislation, ex- 
cept such as the majority of the people ap- 
prove can become law. TWe standard of 
citizenship would be raised and the cor- 
rupt lobby w^ould disappear from the halls 
of legislation. AVhen a question is once 
settled right it cannot be undone by a 
^change of legislators,or of a political party 
for party purposes. Promises made the 
people by a successful candidate would 
iiave to be fulfilled and all questions would 



104 QEASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

be discussed on their merits. 

When would the Initiative be used? 

Only when the representatives (the com- 
mitees) of the people failed to see or do 
their duty. 

Would a change in the method of voting 
take place? 

Not necessarily. But some think it 
would be great economy for the Postoffice 
department, with a small increase of the 
force, to collect the vote of the people. The 
secret ballot and strict registration laws 
would no longer be required. The expense 
of making laws would be reduced and time 
for consideration of all measures would be 
given. 

How would the Initiative be used? 

A convention of about 300 voters would 
be held and the proposied law or govern- 
mental policy formulated and signed by at 
least five percent of the voters in the terri- 
troy represented. The document would 
then be deposited with the clerk of city or 
county, who transmits a copy to the Presi- 
dent. It is then caused to be printed and 
copies sent to every postoffice, half of the 
expense to be borne by the Initiative Con- 
vention and half by the government. This 
would prevent voters resorting to the In- 
itiative unless urgent necessity arose. 
When the Post Master receives the docu- 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 105 

ment he displays it on a bulletin and every 
voter showing his electoral card will be al- 
lowed to record his vote in a book kept for 
that purpose at the Postofflce. The Post 
Master transmits the votes to the county 
clerk, the clerk to the governor and the 
governor to the Speaker of the House. If 
the total from all the states reaches the 
percent of signers the House will fraine a 
measure in accordance with the petition 
and ^^submit it to the people at the annual 
referendary ballot.'^ 

How^ would the Keferendum be con= 
ducted? 

Congress would fix a day for the annual 
referendary vote; a day four or six months 
after the adjournment of Congress. All 
bills and questions would be properly 
printed for distribution to the Postoffices. 
If the people desire they can vote on them. 
If they should be satisfied with them they 
can approve and if dissatisfied they can 
veto. It is claimed the United States Sen- 
ate might be abolished and legislatures 
would be unnecessary, as a committee 
w^ould be sufiicient. Great economy is 
promised in every department of govern- 
ment and the saving of millions of dollars. 



106 EASY LE8S0NS IN CIVIL GOVERNM^ENT* 

SWITZERLAND as an example of the 
Initiative and Eeferendum. 

What is one of the oldest republics of 
the world? 

Switzerland. 

How long has it been a republic? 

For over five hundred years. 

Of what was it composed? 

Of independent cantons, each of which 
had its law^s, a simple republic within itself ^ 
and, except in times of war, they had but 
little communication between them. There 
was no strong central government. In 
more recent years great changes have tak- 
en place. Eevolutions sprung up in the 
cantons, a new general constitution was 
adopted in 1848 modeled somewhat after 
that of the United States. All the mon- 
archies protested against the Swiss consti- 
tution and predicted dire failure.. The 
constitution was again amended in 1874, 
so as to give strength of union and yet 
maintain more direct legislation on the 
part of the people. It is the purest democ- 
racy in the world among civilized nations. 

How many cantons in the Swiss Repub- 
lic? 

Twenty-two* 

Wliat is the total population? 

3,000,000. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVEiRNMENT, 107 

How many languages are spoken in the 
parliament at Bern? 

Three, German, French and Italian. A 
motion made in German is quickly repeat 
ed in French and Italian before discussion 
or a vote is taken. Most of the Swiss Par- 
liameintarians understand the three lan- 
guages, and many of them English. A 
trained statesman who can serve the peo- 
ple well is ai)t to be retained at his post. 

To whom are the laws submitted for ap- 
proval after adoption in the Diet? 

To the p^eople. 

W^ho holds the final veto power? 

The people. 

How do the people of Switzerland use 
the intitiative? 

If thirty thousand citizens, or eight can- 
tons, demand it by petition any act of their 
parliament must be submitted to a vote of 
the whole people. 

How is the president elected? 
By Parliament. 

How is the Governing Council elected? 

This Council corresponds to our Presi- 
dent's Cabinet and is composed of seven 
men selected by Parliament from among 
its own members. A ^^political accident'' 
could not become a president or a mem- 
ber of the Council. 



108 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

What salary does the President and 
members of Parliament receive? 

The President receives |2,000.00 and the 
members |1,000.00. 

For how long is the President elected? 

For one year. 

Who appoints the members of the Su- 
reme Conrt? 

Parliament. 

What relation to Parliament does the 
President and Council sustain? 

They are members of one branch or the 
other of Parliament. 

How are the members of Parliament 
elected? 

The lower house is chosen, by the peo- 
ple, and the constitution provides that the 
Senators may be chosen by the people or 
by the legislatures. 

For how long are they chosen? 

They are chosen for three years. 
How often does Parliament meet? 

Yearly or it may meet oftener if one* 
fourth of the members of the upper house 
command it. 

There are no secret sessions in this Par- 
liament. 

What is the power of the people in leg- 
islation? 

They may reject any or all bills adopted 
bv Parliament. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 109 

Who owns the Eailroads and telegraph 
lines in Switzerland? 

The goiyernment. 

What is a peculiar characteristic of 
this law-making? 

Important laws are often several years 
in process of enactment, but when made 
the laws must be obeyed. The Statute 
Books are not burdened with many useless 
or neglected laws. 

What advantage is claimed for the Ref- 
erendum and veto power in the hands of 
the people? 

A copy of the law to be voted on is 
placed in the hands of each voter and he 
must examine and pass upon it. No vot- 
er can plead ignorance of the law. 

Switzerland is the first country to prac- 
tice direct legislation. 



110 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMEN"T. 

POLITICAL SAYINGS. 

¥/hat great man said, "I'd rather be 
right than President of the United States ?'' 

Henry Clay. 

Under what circumstances? 

He had introduced a bill in Congress in 
1833 to reduce the then existing duties in 
order to favor the Agricultural States. 
Some of the Southern States opposed this 
measure, and when told he would lose his 
chances for the Presidency he made the 
above statement. 

Who said, "I was born an American, I 
live an American, I shall die an Ameri- 
can ?'' 

Daniel Webster, in a speech delivered 
July 17, 1850, 

Who said "I am not a Virginian, I am an 
American?'^ 

Patrick Henry, in the First Continental 
Congress. 

What General said "I propose to fight it 
out on this line if it takes all summer?'^ 

General Grant to the Secretary of War. 

What President said ^^To be prepared 
for war, is one of the most effectual means 
of preserving peace ?'^ 

George Washington. 

What President in his second inaugural 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. Ill 

address said, "With malice toward none 
with charity for all?'' 

Abraham Lincoln. 

Who was commonly known and called 
the "Father of the Constitution?'' 

James Madison. 

Why was he called that? 

Because he was the author of the reso- 
lution that led to the invitation for the 
Convention of 1787 issued by the Virginia 
Legislature. 

Where do we find these words,"First in 
war, first in peace, and first in the hearts 
of his countrymen?" 

In a resolution passed in the House of 
Ee])resentatives on the death of George 
Washinrton. 

What striking utterance did Benjamin 
Franklin make after the passage of the 
Stamp Act? 

He said: "The Americans must light 
the lamps of Industry and Economy." 

In giving instructions to our ministers 
abroad as to what our foreign policy should 
be who said, "Ask nothing but what is 
right, submit to nothing wrong?" 

Andrew Jackson. 

Who said, "We must all hang together 
or we shall all hang separately?" 



112 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Benjamin Franklin when signing the 
Declaration of Independence. 

Who was called the "Expounder of the 
Constitution?'^ 

Daniel Webster. 

Who said "Government of the people, by 
the people, and for the people shall not 
perish from the Earth?'' 

Abraham Lincoln in his famous Gettys- 
burg address. 

What President said "A pound of pluck 
is worth a ton of luck?" 

James A. Garfield. 

Who was called the "Cincinnatus of the 
West?" 

Georgia Washington. 

What great American orator said, "Give 
me liberty or give me death?" 

Patrick Henry in a speech before the 
Virginia Convention in 1775 in favor of a 
resolution "That the Colony be immediate- 
ly put in a state of defense." In the clos- 
ing of his remarks he said, "Is life so dear, 
or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the 
pric'e of chains and slavery? Forbid it, 
Almighty God! I know not what course 
others may take, but as for me, give me 
liberty or give me death." 

What was said by James A. Garfield 
the morning after Lincoln was assassinat- 
ed? 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 113 

^^God reigns and the Government at 
Washington still liyes/^ 

On what occassion did he say it? 

In a brief speech, when a crowd were 
about to attack a new^spaper which had 
violently opposed Lincoln. Garfield ap- 
peared in the midst and in a speech before 
the crowd said: ^^Fellow Citizens! Clouds 
and darkness are round about Him. His 
pavilion is dark waters and thick clouds 
of skies. Justice and judgment are the es- 
tablishment of His throne. Mercy and 
truth shall go before His face. Fellow cit- 
izens! God reigns, and the government at 
Washington still lives.'^ 

Who was styled "Old Public Function- 
ary?^^ 

James Buchanan. 

Who said of Alexander Hamilton that 
^^He smote the rock of the national resour- 
ces and abundant streams of revenue 
gushed forth?'' 

Daniel Webster. 

Whose cabinet was known as the 
^^Kitchen Cabinet?'' 

Andrew Jackson's, 

Who said "Millions for defense, but not 
a cent for tribute?" 

Charles C. Pinckney, 



114 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT^ 

Who received the famous "X Y Z dis- 
patches? 

John Adams. 

At the Continental Congress who said, 
^^I am not worth purchasing, but such as 
I am, the King of Great Britain is not rich 
enough to do it?^^ 

Joseph Keed, a member of the Congress, 
when offered a large sum of money to use 
his influence to restore the colonies to 
Great Britain. 

Who was known as "the Master of Ele- 
gance?'^ 

Edward Everett. 

Who was the author of the expression 
"They see nothing wrong in the rule that 
to the victors belong the spoils ?'' 

William L. Marcy in 1832, in speaking of 
the removal from office of those who had 
been appointed under the previous admin- 
istrations. 

What president announced in his last 
annual message "The country was without 
a national bank and without a permanent 
national debt?'^ 

Martin Van Buren. 

He was president from 1837 to 1841. 

Who said "He touched the dead corpse 
of public credit and it sprung upon its 
feet?'^ 



EASY LESBONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 115 

Daniel Webster of Alexander Hamilton. 

Whence came the motto "Americans 
must rule America?^' 

From the "Know Nothings." 
Whom did Bancroft call the "wisest civ- 
ilian of them all?" 
James Madison* 



116 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 

What college first admitted women? 
Oberlin, at Oberlin, Ohio. 
Who was the first woman to be elected 
president of a college in America? 

Francis E. Willard, who was made pres- 
ident of the Evanston College for woimen 
in Feb. 1871. 

When were envelopes first used? 

1839. 

How long have postage stamps been 
used? 

In England since 1840. In the United 
States since 1847. 

When was printing introduced in Amer- 
ica? 

In 1539, in the City of Mexico, and in 
Cambridge, Mass., in 1639. It was first 
known in China in the sixth century. 

When was the first public school estab- 
lished in the United States? 

In 1635, in Boston. 

Where did our present public system 
originate? 

In New England, 1649, by law of the 
colony. 

What was the first territory admitted as 
a state with woman's suffrage at the time 
of its admissioix? 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT.. 117 

Wyoming. 

How long have women voted in Wyom- 
ing? 

Since 1869. 

What state first elected women repre- 
sentatives to it^ state legislature? 

Colorado, in 1894. 

What state elected the first woman 
state senator? 

Utah, 1896. 

Mrs. Martha Hughes Cannon. 

What state elected the first woman pres- 
idential elector? 

Wyoming, 1896. 

Who was it? 

Mrs. Sarah Malloy. 

When did free delivery of mail matter 
by carriers first take effect? 

July first, 1863. 

When was the "reply" postal card 
issued? 

In 1892. 

Are stamped envelopes, if misdirected, 
^ver redeemable? 

Yes, upon application to the postoflftce 
department. 

What woman's face has ever adorned 
United States paper money? 

The face of Martha Washington. 



118 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

What is bullion? 

Uncoined gold and silver bars. 

What is the Monroe doictrine? 

It is the doctrine in American politics of 
non-intervention of European powers in 
matters relating to American continents^ 
and is opposed to any extension of territorj^ 
on the part of such powers upon this conti- 
nent. 

What is meant by the term "dark horse?' ' 

It is the term applied to the successful 
nominee of a party who was little known 
at the time of the nomination, or one whose 
nomination was not generally expected. 

To whom was it first applied? 

Toi James K. Polk. 

When was the first bank of the United 
States chartered? 

By congress in 1791. It was opened for 
the transaction of business in Carpenter'^ 
Hall, at Philadelphia, in December of the 
same year. 

How may war be declared? 

Only by a bill passing both houses of 
congress and signed by the president. The 
senate may make a treaty of peace. 

How did ^^Uncle Sam'' originate? 

The nickname of ^^Uncle Sam,'' as ap- 
plied to the United States government, is 
said to originate with Samuel Wilson, com- 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 119 

monly called ^^Uncle Sam/' a government 
inspector of beef and pork, at Troy , N. Y., 
in 1812. A contractor, Elbert Anderson, 
purchased a quantity of provisions. The 
barrels came marked '''E. A./' — Anderson's 
initials— ^^U. S.^' (United States.) Wilson's 
workmen not being- familiar with the lat- 
ter initials, inquired what they meant, and 
one fellow ansv> ered, ^^I don't know, unless 
they mean Uncle Sam.'' 

Who is known as the ^^bewildered con^ 
gressman?" 

James E, Cobb of Alabama, who, while 
delivering an address in congress, having 
been diverted from the order of his re- 
marks, said: ^^Mr. Speaker, where am I 
at?" 

V/hat are the great naval powers of the 
world? 

Great Britian stands pre-eminently first 
as the most important, France second, Rus- 
sia third, Italy fourth and the United 
States fifth. 

What is a congressman at large? 

One elected by the voters of a whole 
state, instead of a single district, which is 
done when the existing apportionment by 
districts does not provide for all the repre- 
sentatives to which the state is entitled. 

Who is speaker of the house of Lords in 
England? 



120 tlASY LESSONg iN CIVIL GOtERNMENt. 

The Lord Chancellor. 
How is the speaker of the house of com- 
mons in England chosen? 

By the House, subject to the approval of 
the crown. 

What is the difference between the Eng- 
lish and American enacting clause of a 
bill? 

The English enacting clause reads, "Be 
it enacted by the Queen's most excellent 
majesty, by and with the consent of the 
Lords, spiritual and temporal,, 
and the Commons and by the author- 
ity of the same. The American enacting 
clause : "Be it enacted by the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the United 
States of America, in Congress assembled.''^ 

When was the first recorded Thanksgiv 
ing day? 

In 1631 in the Massachusetts Bay colony. 
Who appointed the first national 
Thanksgiving day? 

President Washington, for November^ 
1789. 

When was the Tammany society of New 
York organized? 

In 1789 by William Mooney, an uphol- 
sterer, and named after St. Tammany, st 
noted Delaware chief, of whom it is said 
he loved "liberty more than life." 



MS^ LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMSJnT. 121 

When was "E Pluribus Unum'' first used 
as a motto? 

It first appeared on coins in New Jersey 
in 1786, Yflien copjier coins were issued iu 
the state, and was suggested by Franklin, 
John Adaniss and Jefferson as a motto of 
the United States, and as a design for the 
gFeat seal. 

To whom and when was the first diploma 
granted to a woman? 

To Mrs. Elizabeth Blackwxll^ Geneva, N. 
Y., in 1849. 

When was letter postage reduced to two 
cents? 
In 1883. 

When y/ere copyright and patent lawfe' 
first enacted in this countl'y? 

In 1784 in South Carolina. Snch a gen- 
eral law passed congress in 1790. 

When and where was the first mint cs^ 
tablished in the English-American col^ 
onies? 

In Boston, 16§2. 

What special stamp privilege was grant 
ed Washington for life? 

That of receiving his letters free of pos- 
tage, which courtesy has subsequently 
been granted to every President and Ex- 
President and their widows. 



122 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

When was the White House built? 

The corner stone was laid in 1792, and 
first occupied by President Adams in 1800. 
It was burned by the British in 1814, and 
restored in 1817. 

When was Decoration Day established? 

It is claimed to have been established in 
1863, while some claim 1862. 

What state is called the mother of presi- 
dents ?_ 

Virginia, and it is also called the mother 
of states, and it was the first state settled 
of the thirteen states that formed the 
union. 

Who was the author of the expression 
^^The Almighty Dollar?'- 

Washington Irving wrote it as a satire 
on the American love for gain. 

Which is the oldest college in America? 

Harvard college. It was established in 
1638. 

Who was known as "Alexander, the 
Coppersmith?'^ 

Alexander Hamilton, by those who were 
dissatisfied with the copper cent coined in 
1793. 

To whom were these words applied, "All 
quiet along the Potomac ?'' 

To Gen. McClelJan, when his arm.y, fully 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 123 

equipped, remained so long inactive in 
1861. 

When was ^^^Arbor Day'^ inaugurated? 

In 1865, by the state board of education 
of Connecticut. 

Who were known as ^^Carpet-baggers ?^* 

The term was applied to the northerners 
who went south after the war for political 
purposes without intending to permanently 
settle. 

When did ^^Copperheads,'^ as an epithet,, 
originate? 

It was the name given to northern sym- 
pathizers with the south during the civil 
war. 

What is the Mason and Dixon line? 

The line which separates Pennsylvania 
and Maryland. It was practically the line 
which separated the free from the slave 
states in the east. 

Who was known as tho ''Mill Boy of the 
Sluices?'^ 

Henry Clay. 

What is known as the "Cradle of Lib- 
erty ?'' 

Faneuil Hall, Boston. 

What is knovrn as the "dollar of our 
dads?'^ 

It is a nickname for the silver dollar. 



124 fiAS¥ LESSONg IN ClVlL GOVERNMENT. 

Who was known as the "Noblest Roman 
of them all?'' 

Allen G. Thurman. 

Who was known as "Old Hickory?'^ 

Andrew Jackson. 

Who was commonly called "Old Man El- 
oquent?'' 

John Quincy Adams. 

1*0 w^iiom was "Old Rough and Ready^' 
applied? 

Gen. Zachary Taylor. 

Who Yvas called "Old Saddle Bags?'' 
Joseph McDonald, of Indiana. 
When was the first woman's club organ- 
ized in Gel:*many? 

January, 1897, in Berlin. 
Who was the first woman novelist? 
Frances Burney (Madam D'Afbley.) 
What is known a^ the "Liberty Tree?'^ 

The tree on which Andrew Oliver was 
hung in eftigy in 1765, because he had 
agreed to become distributer of stamps un- 
der the famous stamp act, which passed 
that yeal\ 

When Vv'as the fit^st library established 
in America? 

In 1638, at Harvard college^ — the first 
public library in New York City in 1700. 

What was the last piece of country 



EASY LESiSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 125 

bought by the United States from a foreign 
power? 

Alaska; bought from Kussia March, 
1867,, for $7,200^000 in gold. 

When was the first steamboat invented? 

In 1807 by Robt. Fulton, and called the 
"Steamer Clermont/' 

What is meant by "Plymouth Rock?'' 

The place where our forefathers first 
stepped on land in this country. 

Where is this place? 

At Plymouth, Mass. 

When was the first newspaper printed in 
America? 

In 1704, "The Boston News," published 
at Boston, Mass. 

Who wrote the Declaration of Independ- 
ence? 

Thomas Jefferson. 

Who were the committee to draft the 
Declaration of Independence? 

Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Rob- 
ert Livingston, Benjamin Franklin and 
Roger Sherman. 

What closed the Revolutionary war? 

The surrender of Cornwallis at York- 
town, October 19, 1781. 

To whom did Ck^rnwallis surrender? 

To General Washington. 



126 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVEHNMENT. 

When wa^ the treaty of peace signed? 

September 3d, 1783, at Paris, France. 

What state was admitted into the Union 
first after our independence? 

Vermont, February 18, 1791. 

Give the year of their death and place 
our presidents are buried. 

George Washington died December 14^ 
1799, buried at Mt. Vernon, Va. The fun- 
eral oration was given by Gen. Henry Lee. 
John Adams died July 4, 1826. Buried at 
Braintree (now called Quincy) near Boston, 
Mass. Thomas Jefferson died July 4th, 
1826, buried at Monticello, Va. James 
Madison died June 28th, 1836. Buried 
Montpelier, Va. James Monroe died July 
4th, 1831. Buried at Richmond, Va. John 
Quincy Adams died Feb. 23, 1848. Buried 
at Quincy, Mass. Andrew Jackson died 
June 8, 1845. Buried at Hermitage, near 
Nashville, Tenn. Martin Van Buren died 
July 24, 1862. Buried at Kinderhook, N. 
Y. William Henry Harrison died April 
4, 1841. Buried fifteen miles west of Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. John Tyler died January 
17, 1862. Buried at Hollywood, near 
Richmond, Va. Zachary Taylor died July 
9, 1850. Buried near Louisville, Ky. Mil- 
lard Fillmore died March 8, 1874. Buried 
near Buffalo, N. Y. Franklin Pierce died 
Oct. 8, 1869. Buried at Minot Cemeterjs 



EASY LESiSONS IN CIVIk GOVERNMENT. 12T 

N. H. James Buchanan died June 1, 1868. 
Buried at Lancaster, Pa. Abraham Lin- 
coln was assassinated April 14, 180^, at 
Ford's theatre, Washington City, by John 
Wilkes Booth. The president is buried at 
Springfield, Ills. Andrew Johnson died 
July 31, 1875. Buried at Greenville, Tenn. 
Ulysses S. Grant died July 23, 1885. Bur 
ied at Eiverside Park, N. Y. Eutherford 
B. Hayes died January 17, 1893. Buried 
at Fremont, Ohio. James A. Garfield 
was shot by Charles Guiteau at the depot 
in Washington, D. C, July 2, 1881 and died 
September 19, 188L He is buried at Cle^-^e- 
land, Ohio. Chester Allen Arthur died 
Nov. 18, 1886. Buried at New York City. 

What two presidents of the United 
States died on the same day, just fifty years 
after the signing of the declaration of in- 
dependence? 

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both 
died July 4, 1826. 

What is known as the famous ^^Charter 
Oakr^ 

When Connecticut was asked by Sir Ed- 
mund Andras to give up her charter, the 
document was taken away and hid in the 
hollow of an oak tree, and ever since it has 
been called the "Charter Oak." 

Who founded our Smithsonian institute 
at Washington, D. C? 



128 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL aOVERNMENT. 

James Smithson, an Englishman, left a 
legacy to the United States ^^for the dis- 
semination of knowledge among men." 

When did the government establish this 
institution? 

In 1845. It is now a very valuable mu- 
seum. 

When was the census first taken in the 
United States? 

In 1790. 

What was the population then? 

3,929,214. 

Do the members of the British parlia- 
ment receive any salary? 

No. 

Who was always known as the ^^Bachelor 
President of the United States?'^ 

James Buchanan and Grover Cleveland 
were the only bachelor presidents we have 
had. Cleveland married before his term 
of office expired. 

When was the ballot granted the ne- 
gro in the United States? 

Congress propoised the XV amendment 
of the constitution to the state legislatures 
Feb. 27, 1869, and by March, 1870, was rat- 
ifled by thirty of the states, which gave the 
vote regardless of color. 

What is known as the "Original Pack- 
age decision?'^ 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 129 

In the prohibition states the sale of in- 
toxicating liquors was allowed only for 
mechanical or medicinal purposes. In 
April, 1890, the supreme court decided 
that such laws were unconstitutional, so 
far as they applied to the sale by an im- 
porter in original packages of liquors man- 
ufactured in and brought from any other 
state. 

What was the ^^Congress of the Three 
Americas?^' 

In October, 1889, representatives of the 
leading governments of Central and South 
America, together with the republic of 
Mexico, met representatives chosen by the 
United States in a congress held in Wash 
ington, D. C. 

By what name is it known? 

By the name of the "Pan-American Con- 
gress." 

What was the object of this congress? 

To bring about a closer union of Ameri- 
cans, for the purpos»e of trade and mutual 
advantage. 

How many countries were represented 
in this congress? 

Eighteen. The tota,l number of repre- 
sentatives were 66. 

What did the delegates do while here? 



130 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

They visited the principal commercial 
and manufacturing cities in the United 
States. After doing this they returned to 
Washington and spent the rest of the win- 
ter and part of 1890 in discussion of busi- 
ness. 

How many oflftcers and employes are en- 
gaged in the civil service department? 

Nearly 200,000. 



EAISY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 131 

FAMILIAR NATIONAL SONGS. 

Who wrote the hymn, ^^My (Country, 'tis 
of Thee?'' 

Dr. Samuel F. Smith, Feb., 1832. 

Who wrote the "Battle Hymn of the Re- 
public?" 

Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, Dec, 1861. 

Who wrote "Marching through Geor- 
gia?" 

Henry C. Work in 1865. 

Who wrote "Hail Columbia?" 

Joseph Hopkinson, in 1798. 

Who wrote "The Star Spangled Banner?" 

Francis Scott Key, in 1814. 

Who wrote "All Quiet Along the Poto- 
mac?" 

Etheiinda Eliot Beers, in 1861. 

Who wrote "Yankee Doodle?" 

This is disputed, as it i« claimed by many 
nations. 

Who wrote "Tenting on the Old Camp 
Ground?" 

Walter Kittridge, in 1862. 

Who wrote ^^Home, Sweet Home?" 

John Howard Payne. He wrote this 
hymn while a wanderer and living in pov* 
erty in 1823. 

Who wrote "Maryland, My Maryland?" 
James R. Randall, in 1861. 



132 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Who wrote ^^We ar0 Coming, Father Ab- 
raham, Three Hundred Thousand Strong ?^^ 

The words were written by John Green- 
lief Whittier during the war, after Lincoln 
had issued a call for 300,000 more men. A« 
B. Irving set the words to music and it was 
sung for the first time in Defiance, Ohio, 
where it was received with great enthusi- 
asm. 

Who wrote the three popular war songs, 
"Just Before the Battle, Mother,'' "The 
Battle Cry of Freedom'' and "Tramp, 
Tramp, the Boys are Marching?" 

Mr. Geo. T, Boot, Chicago, Ills, 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 133 

STATE NAMES. 

*^Liberty and union one and inseperable, 
now and forever/' 

What is the origin of the names of the 
different states? 

The names of the Atlantic states are of 
European origin with the exception of 
Massachusetts and Connecticut. Most of 
the other states are of Indian derivation. 
California and Colorado are taken from the 
Spanish. 

Alabama from the Creek Indian, mean- 
ing "here we rest.'' 

Arkansas is taken from the French 
^^arc/' a bow, and the Indian word 
^^Kansas," smoky waters, meaning "a bow 
of smoky waters.'^ It is called the "Bear 
State.'' ^ 

California means *%ot furnace," and on 
account of the s^old is called the "Golden 
State.'' 

Colorado is from the Spanish and means 
red, or colored. The name was first given 
to the Colorado river on account of the red- 
dish tint of the water. It is called the 
^^Centennial State." 

Connecticut, from tlie Indian, Quon- 
ek-ta-cat, meaning "long river." It is call- 
ed "Nutmeg State," the "land of steady 
habits," or the "Free Stone State." 



134 lEASY LESSONS IN CIVIL aOVERNiM^Nr. 

Delaware was named in honor of Lord 
De la War. It is called the "Diamond 
State'' and "Blue Hen State/' 

Florida means "Feast of Flowers," and 
is called the "Peninsular State." 

Georgia, sio-called after George II of 
England, and is known as tiie "Empire 
State of the South.'^ 

Illinois is from the Indian, meaning "A 
tribe of men," or "manly," and is called the 
"Prairie" or "Sucker" state. 

Indiana, named from the Indians, and is 
called the "Hoosier State." 

Iowa, an Indian name^ means "the 
Sleepy ones." It is styled the "Hawkeye" 
state. 

Kansas, from the Indians, means "Smoky 
Watbr." It is called the^ ^Garden of the 
West," 

Kentucky signifies "dark and bloody 
ground." It is called the "Corn Cracker 
State.'^ 

Louisiana, named after Louis XIV of 
France, is known as the "Creole State" or 
"Pelican State." 

Maine, was originally called "Mayne- 
land. It is termed the "Pine Tree State.'^ 

Maryland was named in honor of Hen- 
rietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of Eng- 
land. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 135 

Massachusetts is from the Massachusetts 
tribe of Indians, meaning' "Blue Hills.'^ 
It is called the "Old Bay State/^ 

Michigan means "The Lake Country" 
and is called "Wolverine State.'' 

Minnesota gets its name from the Minne- 
sota Elver, the Indian meaning "Sky-tint- 
ed Water/' It is called the. "Gnopher 
State." 

Mississippi, from the river, the Indian 
Miche Sepe, meaning "Father of Waters." 
It is called the "Bayou State." 

Missouri, Indian name for river, means 
"Muddy Water." It is known as "The 
Pennsylvania of the West." 

Nebraska from the Indian, means "Wat- 
er Valley" or "Shallow Elver." 

Nevada, from the Spanish means, 
"White as Snow," or "Snow Clad." It is 
called the "Sage Hen State," 

New Hampshire, named by George Ma- 
son whose home was formerly in Hamp- 
shire Co., England. It is called the "Gran- 
ite State." 

New Jersey was named in honoT of Sir 
G^eorge Carterel, one of the governors of 
the Island of Jersey in the British Chan- 
nel. It is called "Jersey Blue." 

New York was named in honor of the 
Duke of York, brother of Charles II. It is 



136 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

called the "Excelsior State/' and the "Em- 
pire State/^ 

North Carolina^ named in honor of 
Charles II. It is called "The Old North 
State," "The Tar State/' and "The Turpen- 
tine State." 

Ohio, from the Seneca Indians, O — hee — 
yuh, means "Beautiful Kiver/' and is called 
"The Buckeye State." 

Oregon is from the Spanish which means 
"Eiver of the West.' 

Pennsj^lvania means "Penn's Woods'^ 
named in honor of Admiral Penn, father of 
William Penn. It is called "The Key- 
stone State. "" 

Rhode Island, Authorities differ as to 
its origin, but an order was given in 1644 
which decreed that the Island of Newport 
should be named the "Isle of Rhodes or 
Rhode Island." The name afterwards ex- 
tended to the whole state. It is nicknamed 
"Little Rhody." 

South Carolina, named in honor of King 
Charles II and is called "The Palmetto 
State." 

Tennessfee, from the Indian meaning 
"The River of the Big Bend." and is called 
"The Big Bend State." 

Texas is from the Aztec, meaning 
"North Country." Some hold that Texa& 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVEiRNMENT. 137 

is Spanish and means "Friends/' It is 
called "The Lone Star State/' 

Veirmont, from tjie Fnench for green 
mountains, "vert mont/' and is called the 
"Green Mountain State/' 

Virginia, named in honor of Elizabeth 
the Virgin Queen of England. It is called 
the "Mother of States" and also "The Old 
Dominion/' 

West Virginia formed from the western 
part of the old state of Virginia, nick- 
named the "Pan handle State/' 

Wisconsin from Ouisconsin, is the 
French form of an Indian word which 
means "A Wild Eushing Elver/' It is 
called "The Badger State/' 

Dakota an Indian v/ord meaning "Al* 
lies/' 

Montana, means "MountainoTis/' 

Washington, named after our first presi- 
dent. 



138 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL aOVRRNMENT. 

OUR NEIGHBOEING GOVERNMENTS. 
MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. 

What is tbe form of the Mexican Govern- 
ment? 

The government of Mexico is modeled 
after that of the United States. 

How is its government divided? 

Into three great governmental branches. 

What are they? 

Their national departments, the Judic- 
iary, and the state governments. 

Is the management of these departments 
the same? 

It is substantially the same in all. 

How is the national government divided ? 

Legislative, Executive and Judicial. 

How^ is the Republic of Mexico divided? 

Into twenty-seven states. The Territory 
of Lower California and the Federal Dis- 
trict. 

What constitutes their national law- 
making body? 

The Federal Congress (or House) and a 
Federal Senate. 

How many members in the Senate? 

Fifty-two elected by the states in the 
State Legislature on the plurality vote. 

How many members in the lower House? 

227. They are elected by the people on 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 139 

the basis of the population one for every 
80,000 or a major fraction. 

How is the President of Mexico elected? 

By the people for a term of four years. 

Who is Vice-President? 

The chief Justice is ex-offlcio Vice-Presi* 
dent. 

What is the Capitol? 

The city of Mexico, both of the Federal 
Districts and the Republic. 

How is the Supreme Judiciary chosen? 

By popular vote for the term of four 
years. 

What language is spoken? 

The Spanish. 



140 EASY LESSONS IN ClVlL GOVERNMENT. 



CANADIAN GOVERNMENT. 

What is the form of the Canadian Gov- 
ernment? 

The form of government is similar to 
that of their mother country. The con- 
stitution is modeled after the British. 

How is the Sovereign represented in the 
Dominion? 

By a Governor- General, appointed by the 
Crown* 

How long does he hold office? 

During the pleasure of the crown* The 
constitution provides for the appointment 
of a council to aid and advise with the 
Governor-General. 

What is this body called? 

The Queen's Privy Council. These mem- 
bers represent the majority of the House of 
Commons. 

What constitutes the legislative powers? 

They are vested in a Senate and House 
of Commons. 

How^ are the Senators appointed? 

By the Governor-General for life. A 
Senator must be thirty years of age and 
own real and personal property to the 
amount of four thousand dollars above 
all debts and liabilities. 

How many members in the Senate? 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 141 

There are 80. 

How many members in the House of 
Commons? 

There are 215. Thiey are elected for a 
term of five years. 

Where does the Canadian Parliament 
meet? 

At Ottawa. 

In the Canadian Parliament there are so 
many Frenchmen that all bills and mo- 
tions are read in French as well as in Eng- 
lish. 

How is Canada divided? 

Into seven Provinces; Ontario, Quebec, 
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, 
British Columbia, Prince Edwards Island, 
and its northtwest Territories. 

How are these Provinces governed? 

The Governor-General appoints a Lieut- 
enant Governor for each province. He 
holds office during the pleasure of the Gov- 
ernor-General, unless appointed after the 
commencement of the first session of Par- 
liament in which case he cannot be re- 
mo\1ed under five years without a good 
reason. 

Does a province have a legislature? 

Each province has its own legislature. 



142 EASY LiSSSONS IN CIVIL GOVEENMESNT. 

"The clock of time has pealed the wo- 
man's hour.'' Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. 

LIST FOR WOMEN'S CLUBS. 
GENERAL LITERATURE. American 

Novelists. 

American Story-writel*s. 
Character o^ the Earliest American 
Literature and Writers. 

Birth of American Literature. 

Our Magazines. 
An Afternoon with Poets. 
Selections from Longfellow — Evange 
line. 

German Literature. 

George Elliot as a novelist. 

Women in Literature. 

ART, MUSia The Outlook for Art in 
America. 

American Artists. 

Women Artists of America. 

Art in the Public Schools. 

English Art. 

Italian and Grecian Art, and Artists* 

What is Tariff? 

Italian Sculpture. 

American Sculptors. 

Famous American Statues. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 143 

American Drama and Dramatists. 

History of Music and Musicians of ttie 
19th Century. 

Our National Airs. 

Woman in Music. 

Music in the Public Schools. 

EDUCATIONAL. The Founding of 
Early Colleges. 

Higher Education of Women. 

The Ethical Influence of women in Edu* 
cation. 

Co-Education. 

Our Public School system* 

Conversation as a fine Art. 

The Educational Value of Women-s 
Clubs. 

Free Kindergarten as an Economic Fac- 
tor. 

Cultivation of Literary Tastes in Early 
Life. 

After the Diploma— What? 

Family Literature. 

Good Language in the Home. 

Modern Slang. 

Manual Training Schools. ' 

HISTOEY AND PEOGEESS. Classic 
Greece. 

Eome, — B. C. 



144 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Queen Anne and the Important Events 
of Her Reign* 

Relation of England to Wales and Ire- 
land. 

Victoria as Queen, Wife and Mother. 

Russia. Its People, Language and Liter- 
ature. 

Influence of Europe on America. 

Washington from the Cradle to the 
Grave. 

Our National Holidays. 

Alaska, its people and how governed. 

The Chinese and Japanese in America. 

Old Spanish Missions in California. 

The New South since the War. 

How the states received their names. 

Panama and Nicaraguan Canal. 

Forests and their fate. 

American Tramps. 

Famous Arctic Explorers. 

The Atlantic Cable. 

Advancement of Civilization. 

The Colonial Period. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. Our Country's 
Financial Problem. 

National Taxation and Government 
Bonds. 

How were the Colonies Governed? 

Continental Congress and Declaration of 
Independence. 



SASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 14i 

Formation of Federal Constitution. 
The Constitution of the United States* 
United States Mints, 
Our Navy, 
Our Postal System. 
Civil Service. 
Single Tax. 
Our Consular Service. 
Supreme Court and Jurists. 
History of Banks and the Banking Sys- 
tem. 

History of English and American Coins. 
The Australian Ballot. 
Reciprocity Treaty. 
The Arbitration Treaty. 

ECONOMICS. Government ownership 
of Eailroads, Trusts and Monopolies. 

Our Monetary System. 

Woman in the Home. 

Are American Homes Decreasing? 

House-keeping in the 20th Century. 

Deflnitei School Training for Domestic 
Service. 

SOCIAL SCIENCE, PHILANTHEOPY 
AND KEFORMS. The Sweating System. 

Conflict of Capital and Labor. 

Labor Unions and how they affect the 
Industrial Classes. 

Should Immigration be Restricted? 

Recent Socialistic Movements, 

Slavery. 



146 'EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Newspapers as an Aid to Philanthropy. 

Family versus Institutional Life for De- 
pendent Classes. 

Relation of Women^s Clubs to Philan- 
thropy. 

University Extension and College Settle- 
ments. 

The Industrial outlook for Women. 

Women and Money. 

Women as Breadwinners. 

Women in Politics. 

Woman's Suffrage in Foreign Countries. 

Women in Charity and Reform. 

SCIENCE. The Theory of Evolution as 
Taught by Scientists. 

What the World owes to Scientific Dis- 
coveries in Medicine and Surgery. 

Women as Physicians. 

Hiealth and Heredity. 

The Relation of Vivisection to the Medi- 
cal Sciences. 

Which is greater; Environment or Her- 
edity? 

Inventions and Discoveries of the 19th 
Century. 

Geology. 

Astronomers and Observatories. 

AUTHROPOLOGY, The people of Ice- 
land. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 147 

Culture and Work of Mound Builders. 

Pueblos and Cliff Dwellers. 

Aztics and Mayas. 

Women of the Occident in the Orient, 

American Indian Tribes. 

RELIGIONS. Christianity. 

The ^oetry of the Bible. 

Noted Women of the Bible. 

The Influence of the Bible on Civili- 
nation. 

The Mormons. 

Judiasm in America, 

Judaism B, C. 

Martin Luther and the Eeformation. 

MISCELLANEOUS. Noted Women in 
the 19th Century. 

Are Women Witty? 
. omen in Society. 

The Art of Entertaining. Its use and 
abuse. 

Pessimism. 

Optimism. .j 

Archaeology. 



148 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



^^I say what fine things we have thought 
of, haven't we, all of us?'' — Thackery. 

QUOTATIONS FOE CLUB CALENDARS. 

^^The best w^e can do for one another is 
to exchange our thoughts freely, and that, 
after all, is but little.'' — Froude. 

Man is said to be a sociable animal, and, 
as an instance of it, we may observe that 
we take all occasions and pretenses of 
forming ourselves into those little assem- 
blies which are commonly known by the 
name of clubs. When a set of men agree 
in any particular, they form themselves 
into a kind of fraternity and meet upon 
account of such fantastic resemblances. — • 

— Addison. 

"The union of women for accomplishing 
high and difficult things is the ladder that 
raises the climber while it makes the 
heights accessible." 

"As thou, thyself, art a component part 
of a social system, so let every act of thine 
be a component part of social life." 

— Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. 

"The delight in good company, in a pure, 
brilliant social atmosphere in which a 
wise freedom, an ideal republic of sense, 
simplicity, knowledge and thorough good 
meaning abides, doubles the value of life/' 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 149 

"I shower a welcome on you, welcome 
all/' — Shakespeare. 

"At Christmas play and make good cheer 

For Christmas comes but once a year." 

"All your strength is in your union, 

All your danger is in discord.-' 

— Longfellow. 

"Use what talents you possess. The 
woods would be silent if no birds sang but 
those which can sing besf 

"The union for practical progress knows 
no class, creed, nationality or sex.'' 

All great men ar;e in some degree in- 
spired." — Cicero. 

"The first lesson to learn is to be con- 
tent with simple and common things." 

"Keading furnishes the mind only wath 
knowledge. It is thinking makes what we 
read ours." — Emerson. 

"The bee, though it finds every rose has 
a thorn, comes back loaded with honey 
from his rambles. And why should not 
other tourists do the same?" Haliburton. 

"A ciTilization is marked by the com- 
pleteness of its efforts to rescue those that 
are lost." 

^'Some must be great. Great offices will 
have 

Great Talents. And God gives to every 
man 



150 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

The virtue, temper, understanding, taste, 
That lifts him into life, and lets him fall 
Just in the niche he was ordained to fill/^ 

— Cowper. 

"So God has ploughed his earth farm 
with glaciers to make it ready for the home 
of his children.^^ 

And he gave it for his opinion, that who- 
ever could make two ears of corn, or two 
blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of 
ground where only one grew before, would 
deserve better of mankind and do more es- 
Bential service to his country, than the 
whole race of politicians put together. — 

—Dean Swift. 

"Men will wrangle for religion, write for 
it, die for it; why don't they try to live for 

itr^ 

History is the great looking glass 
through which we may behold, with ances- 
tral eyes, not only the various deeds of 
past ages and the odd accidents that attend 
time, but also discover the different ha- 
mors of men. — Howell. 

"The years teach much which the days 
never know.-' — Emerson. 

"No past is dead for us, but only sleep- 
ing.''^ — Helen Hunt. 

"There is no past as long as books shall 
live." — Bulwer. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVEiRNMENT. 151 

The real object of education is to give 
children rescources that will endure as 
long as life endures; habits that time will 
ameliorate, not destroy; occupation that 
will render sickness tolerable, solitude 
pleasant, age venerable, life more dignified 
and useful, and death less terrible. 

— Sidney Smith. 
^^Who learns, and learns, but acts not what 

he knows. 
Is one who ploughs and ploughs, but never 
sows.'' — Oriental. 

"We walk to higher paths by reason's 
lamp," — George Eliot. 

"The University of the world; to which 
all succeeding ages go to school. Come 
let us enter the primary." 

"We fancy there are many independent 
sciences, because we stand half way up on 
different mountain-peaks, calling to each 
oth^er from isolated stations. The mists 
hide from us the foot of the range beneath 
us, or w^e should see that all the peaks are 
but offsets of one vast mountain-base, and 
in their inmost root but One!" 

— Charles Kingsley. 

Those who give not till they die. 
Show that they would not then. 
If they could keep it any longer. 

— Bishop Hall. 



152 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT.. 

"Tis the talent of our English nation 
Still to be plotting some new reformation.'^ 

— Dryden. 

Health is the soul that animates all the 
enjoyments of life. — Sir W. Temple. 

Music is the inarticulate speech of the 
heart, which can not be compressed into 
words, because it is infinite. — Wagner. 
O thou sculptor, painter, poet! 

Take this lesson to thy heart, 
That is best which lieth nearest, 

Shape that from thy work of art. 

— Longfellow. 

"Art is wonderous long; yet to the wise 
her paths are ever fair.''— O. W. Holmes. 
"In framing artists, art hath thus decreed 
To make some good, but others to exceed.'^ 

— Shakespeare. 

"Painting is silent poetry — and poetry i^ 
a speaking picture." 

"What art can with the potter's art com- 
pare? 
For of what we are ourselves of such we 
make our ware." 
"True art is never fixed but always flow- 
ing." — Emerson. 

"A noble farce, wherein kings, republics 
and emperors have forsomanyyearsplayed 
their parts, and to which the whole vast 
ttniverse serves for a theatre." 

— Montaigne. 



EASY LES.SONB IN CIVIL GOVERiNMENT. 15S 

^^Transcendent art, exponent of the soul! 
Soft shade that marks upon the dial plate 
Of every age, how far has climbed the sun 
Of man's advancement in the vault of 
thought/' 

OHILDEEN: 

Ye the better than all the ballads 

That ever were sung or said, 
For ye are living poems, 

And all the rest are dead. 
WOMAN. The hand that hath made 
you fair hath made you good; the goodness 
that is cheap in beauty m^akes beauty brief 
in goodness; but grace, being the soul of 
your complexion, should keep the body of 
it ever fair. — Shakespeare. 
Thy sacred leaves, yon Freedom's Flower^ 
Shall ever float on dome and tow^er, 
To all their heavenly colors true, 
To blackening frost or crimson dew; 
And God loves us as we love thee, 
Thrice holy Flower of Liberty; 
Then hail the banner of the free, 
TLe starry Flower of liberty! 

— Oliver Wendell Holmes. 
"'Tis not what man does which exalts 
him, but what man would do V^ — Browning. 
"True civilization is an appreciation of 
the rights of others." — E. S. Martin. 
"All things are circular: the past, 
Was given to make the future great, 



154 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

And the void future shall at last 
Be the strong rudder of an after fate. 
God bless the present! It is all; 
It has been future, and it shall be past/^ 

• — Lowell. 

"Language is the soil of thought. True 
vigor and heartiness of phrase do not pass 
from page to page but from man to man, 
where the brain is kindle and the lips sup- 
plied by down-right living interests.^^ — 

— Lowell. 

"A library may be regarded as the sol- 
emn chamber in which a man can take 
counsel of all that have been wise, and 
great, and good, and glorious amongst the 
men that have gone before him.'^ 

— George Dawson. 

"Woman^s Empire, holier, more refined. 
Moulds, moves and sways the fallen yet 

God breathed mind. 
Lifting the earth crushed heart to hope and 
Heaven.^' — Hale. 
"We live in the most wonderful of lands, 
and one of the most v/onderful things in 
it is, that we as Americans find so little to 
wonder at. * * * I hope to live to 
see Americans proud of knowing America 
and ashamed not to know it." 

— Ohas. F. Lummis. 

"Good-bye," I said, "my dear friends, one 
and all of you! I have been long with 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 155 

you, and I find it hard parting. I have to 
thank you for a thousand courtesies, and 
above all for the patience and indulgence 
with which you have listened to me, when 
I have tried to instruct or amuse you. 
May the Lord bless you all!'' And we 
shook hands all around the table.'' — 

— Holmes. 

"It is the glorious prerogative of the em- 
pire of know^ledge that what it gains it 
never loses. On the contrary, it increases 
by the multiple of its own power. All its 
attainments help to new conquests." — 

— Daniel Webster. 

"Now gentle reader, is our journey ended, 
Mute is our minstrel, silent is our song." 

• — Goethe. 



156 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

PEACTIGAL SUGGESTIONS TO PEES- 
IDENTS AND MEMBEES OF CLUBS. 

Is it necessary foir members of a club to 
understand parliamentary law? 

Yes, in order to expedite business and 
prevent friction. 

Wh^tt is meant by parliamentary law? 

Laws which govern deliberative assem- 
blies. 

Whence did we derive our parliamentary 
usage? 

From the British parliament. 

Why are clubs and conventions often 
run by a few? 

Because a few know parliamentary law 
and can often carry their points and influ- 
ence the majority. 

THE PEESIDENT.— Whataretheduties 
of the presiding ofllcer? 

To preside at the meetings, preserve or- 
der, put motions to a vote and announce 
the result. 

Should a presiding officer always open 
the meeting on time? 

Yes, if a quorum is present. She should 
also hold the meeting to the orders of the 
day in order to finish on time and pre- 
vent confusion. Much time is often lost 
by a presiding officer allowing time to be 
wasted. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMiENT. 157 

Should a presiding officer have a good 
knowledge of parliamentary law? 

Yes, she should make herself fully ac- 
quainted with the rules of order and see 
that they are enforced. With this knowl- 
edge and good common sense, decision and 
lirmness she can keep order and the house 
strictly to business, always showing with 
tact and grace consideration for others. 
She should be prompt,dignifled and impar- 
tial while in the chair. Be careful to rec- 
ognize members trying to obtain the floor 
on either side of the question. Some pre- 
siding officers seem to see only the mem- 
bers who think as she does on the question 
and recognizes and gives them the floor. 
She can not debate questions while in the 
chair, but can call some one to preside 
while she is speaking. She should stand 
while stating a motion or making explana- 
tions; also while taking the vote and 
should always announce the result. She 
can vote when her vote will affect the re- 
sult of the question. If she renders a de- 
cision and an appeal is taken she should 
not show resentment, but put the appeal 
as any other question, remembering any 
member has a right to appeal if not satis- 
fled with the decision. She should 
demand respect for negative opinions, 
minority votes and majority decisions, 
even if they do differ from her 



158 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

own views. After election she shjould 
not feel that she owns the club and every- 
thing must go the way she dictates or not at 
all. She should not feel when she is elect- 
ed that she must hold the office for life, 
and no one else can fill that place. At the 
close of the year, or term of office, she 
should not offer her resignation, as her 
time is up. And, if, in the* election of of- 
ficers, others are nominated and elected, 
she should not feel hurt and refuse to work, 
knowing that the best interest of the soci- 
ety is greater than the individual and that 
the majority should rule. It is not best for 
any organization, as a rule, to keep the 
same officers too long. No organization 
should be allowed to die for the want of 
change in its officers. 

THE MEMBERS.— What are the duties 
of the members of an organization? 

To work with the president for the best 
interest of the organization. They should 
assist the chair in keeping order. 

Is it as important that members under- 
stand parliamentary law as it is for the 
president? 

Yes, because they are the ones to bring 
the businiess before the house and to dis- 
pose of the same. They should not think 
that the failure or success of the club de- 
pends alone on the president. They should 
work with and stand by their president, 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 159 

though she may not be the choice of all. 
They should be at the opening of the meet- 
ing and not keep the president waiting; and 
if possible, stay until the close. They 
should attend all the meetings of the club, 
if possible, and help sustain the interest. 
They should not come with a poorly writ- 
ten paper if they have had time to give it 
their best thought and consideration. They 
should not expect a good club year unless 
they have given their best efforts to make 
it such. They should not blame the presi- 
dent with an uninteresting meeting, when 
some of the members have failed to take 
the part assigned them. They should not 
be cynical and always criticise the presi- 
dent when she has put forth her best ef- 
forts to make the club year a success. If 
any member has an ugly disposition and 
nothing is ever right to her, she should 
withdraw and give way to one more am- 
iable. 



160 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 

STATE GOVEENMENTS. 

It is impossible for us to give here the 
form of governments of all the states in de- 
tail. All the state constitutions are simi- 
lar, and all must be republican in form and 
in harmony with the national constitution. 
The difference between the national and 
state governments, is, the national govern- 
ment deals with national and exterior af- 
fairs, and the state government deals with 
state, and municipal and interior affairs. 
Each state has a governor and state legis- 
lature. The duty of the governor of the 
state is similar to that of the president of 
the United States; but his power is limited 
to the state. The legislature of the states 
are almost exactly the same as the national 
legislature, having two houses, and ofllcer- 
ed the same. The state governments have 
the three departments the same as the 
national — the executive, the legislative 
and the judicial. James A. Garfield said in 
speaking of state governments: "It will 
not be denied that the state government 
touches the citizen and his interests twen- 
ty times where the national government 
touches him once.'^ 

We have selected the state of Ohio as 
an example of our state governments. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, liil 

OHIO. 

How did Ohio receive its name? 

From the Indians calling the river that 
forms the southeastern boundary "0-hee- 
yuh," which means ''beautiful river." 

When was Ohio admitted into the 
Union? 

February 19th, 1803, 

What was the form of government previ- 
ous to the admission? 

It was a territory under the control of 
congress. Congress appointed a governor 
and three judges, who composed the high- 
est court in the territory. 

Where was the first settlement under the 
authority of congress? 

At Marietta, April, 1788. 

Whom did congress appoint governor of 
the territory in 1787? 

Oeneral Arthur St. Clair. 

When was the first territorial legisla- 
ture chosen? 

In 1799. The population had increased 
BO they were entitled to a legislature. 

How was the legislature secured? 

The electors elected the members of the 
house, and these members gave ten names 
to the president of the United States, and 
he selected five members as the legislative 
<:ounciL 



162 EASY -LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Did the laws passing the legislature at 
this time have to be approved by the gov- 
ernor? 

Yes. 

Was the tierritory represented in con- 
gress? 

Yes; by a delegate elected by the people. 

When was the constitutional convention 
called to ask for admission? 

In 1802, and Ohio was admitted in 1803. 

Where did the first general assembly 
meet? 

At Chillicothe, January 11, 1803. 

Where did he move to in 1810? 

To Zanesville. 

When did it move to Ck)lumbu^? 

In 1816. 

What is the present capitol of Ohio? 

Columbus. 

When was the present state house com- 
pleted? 

In 1856. It covers about four and one- 
half acres of ground. 

Who was the first governor of Ohio? 
Edward Tiffin. 

Name the three divisions of the constitu- 
tion pertaining to our state government. 
Legislative, executive and judicial. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 163 

LEGISLATIVE. 

What does article II of the state consti- 
tution provitle? 

^^The legislative power of this state shall 
be vested in a jijeneral assembly, which 
shall consist of a senat-e and housi^ of rep- 
resentatives.^' 

THE HOUSE OF RErRI^]SENTA- 
TIVES. — How are the membera of the 
house elected? 
By the people. 
How i« th^ state divided? 
Into eighty-eight counties. 
How is the basis of representation deter- 
' mined? 

Evei^ ten years the population of the 
state is divided by one hundred, and each 
county is entitled to one representative for 
•each ratio. If a county has a population 
equaled to one-half the ratio, it is entitled 
to one representative. 

What is done with the counties where 
the population is less than one-half the 
ratio? 

It is placed in a representative district 
with one of the adjoining counties having 
the smallest population. 

When are the members of the house 
elected? 
At the general state election, which is 



164 ASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVEiRNMENT. 

held the first Tuesday after the first Mon- 
day in November. 

For how long a term are the representa- 
tives elected? 

For two years. 

How often are these elections held? 
Every two years (the odd numbered 
years, as 1895, 1897, etc.) 

Does our legislature meet every year? 

No: every two years, unless there are 
special sessions called by the governor. 

When does the legislature convene? 

The first Monday of January, at ten A. 
M., in the even numbered years. 

How many members are there in the 
House? 

One hundred and nine^ — inl898. 

What salary is paid our representatives? 

Six hundred dollars a year, and twelve 
cents per mile for traveling expenses. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSE.— 
Who calls the house to order? 

The secretary of state or the auditor of 
state? 

After calling the house to order what is 
done? 

The house then proceeds to elect one of 
its own members as presiding officer. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 165 

What is he called? 

The speaker of the house. 

Besides electing the speaker, who else is 
elected? 

A speaker pro tempore. 

Is he a member of the house? 

iTes. 

What officers are elected? 

A chief clerk, a messenger clerk, an en- 
grossing clerk, and enrolling clerk, a ser- 
geantat-arms, three assistant sergeants- 
at-arms, and pages. 

Are these members of the house? 

No. 

What are the duties of those appointed? 

Their duties are similar to those of same 
offices in the house of congress. 

How are the comittees in the house ob- 
tained? 

They are appointed by the speaker. 

Can the sj^eaker vote on all questions? 

Being a member of the house he can do 
so. He also signs all bills passed. After 
a bill has passed both houses, and has been 
signed by both presiding officers a copy is 
sent to the Secretary of State to be pre- 
served. The presenting and passing of 
bills in the Ohio legislature is similar to 
that in congress. (See congress.) 

Who fixes the ratio of representation? 



I^B ■ EASY LESSONg IN CiViL GOtERNMEFr; 

A board consisting of the ^oyerBOi', aud- 
itor and secretary of state. 

What is the basis upon which our rep- 
Fesentatives are elected? 

The ratio as fixed in 1891 is one repre- 
sentative for eve?y 36,724. 

Which house has the sole right to insti- 
tute impeachments? 

The house of representatives. 

THE SENATE.— How many senatorial 
districts haye w^e? 

Thirty-three. Each district has one or 
more counties. 

How is the ratio of representation in the 
senate known? 

The ratio is ascertained by dividing the 
population of the state by thirty-five. A^ 
counted in 1891 it was 104,924; so, for this 
ratio the district is entitled to a senator. 

If a senatorial district has not this full 
ratio, what is done? 

The district is entitled to one senator if 
it has three- fourths this number of inhab- 
itants. 

What is done with districts in which 
the ratio falls below the required ratio? 

It is attached to the adjoining district 
which has the smallest population. 

How many senators have we? 

Thirty-six. (1898.) 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 167 

For how long is a senator elected? 
For two years. 
How is he elected? 

By the electors of the district he repre- 
sents. He must have been a resident of 
the district for at least one year. 

What salary do senators receive? 

Six hundred dollars per year^ and twelve 
cents per mile for traveling expenses. 

Who presides in the senate? 

The lieutenant governor, by virtue of his 
office, IS president of the senate. He opens 
the senate the first Monday of January at 
ten o'clock a. m., and after appointing a 
clerk pro tempore the roll of the senatorial 
districts is called, after which the senators 
present tTieir credentials of election, and 
take the oath of office. 

What is then done? 

A speaker pro tempore is elected from 
among the senators, who' will preside in 
the al3sence of the president. 

Wh^t other officials are elected? 

A chief clerk, a journal clerk, a messen- 
ger clerk, an engrossing clerk, an enrolling 
clerk, a recording clerk, a sergeant-at-arms 
and four assistant sergeants-at-arms. 

How are the standing committees ob- 
tained? 

They are elected by the senate. 



168 EASY LEISSONS IN CIVIL GOVEftNlvrfiNT. 

Can the president of the senate vote? 

Not being a member he can vote only 
when there is a tie. 

Does the president sign all bills passed 
in both houses? 

Yes. 

How are bills beaded? 

^^Be it enacted by the general assembly 
of the State of Ohio.'^ 

For duties of the clerks, pages, commit- 
tees, etc., presenting and passage of bills, 
see Congress, page 17, as they are similar. 



Easy lessons in Civil government, les? 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPAETMENT. 

What provision does the constitution 
make for the executive department of the 
state? 

That, "the executive department shall 
consist of governor, lieutenant governor, 
secretary of state, auditor of state and an 
attorney general, who shall be elected on 
the first Tuesday after the first Monday of 
November by the electors of the state, and 
at the places of voting for members of th^ 
general assembly/^ 

What other offices, whose incumbents 
are elected by the people, have been cre- 
ated by the general assembly? 

The offices of commissioner of common 
schools, members of the boa[rd of public 
works and the food and dairy commission. 
There are other offices in the state, but 
they are appointive. 

When do the officers mentioned in the 
constitution enter upon their official 
duties? 

The second Monday in January after 
their election. 

For how long are they elected? 

For a term of two years, except the audi^ 
tor, who serves for four years. The gove- 
rnor, lieutenant governor, auditor, treas-^ 
nrer and attorney general are chosen in 



i?o :ea,sy L®g,goNS in civil government. 

the odd -numbered years, and the secretary 
of state in the even-numbered years. 

THE GOVEKNOE.— The constitution 
says : ^^The supreme executive power of the 
Btate shall be vested in the governor/^ 

How is he elected? 

By the electors of the state. 

For how long a time is he elected? \ 

Eor two years. \ 

What salary does he receive? 

Eight thousand dollars. 

What are his powers and duties? 

Ilis duties are to see that the laws are 
faithfully, executed. "He shall communi* 
cate at every session by message to the 
general assembly the condition of the state 
and recommend such measures as he shall 
deem expedient.^^ He can call extra ses- 
sions of the general assembly on extraor- 
dinary occasions. He is commander-in- 
chief of the military and naval forces of 
the state, except when they are called into 
the service of the United States. He com- 
missions all officers of the militia and ap 
points his own staff. He has the pov/er, 
after conviction, to grant reprieves, com- 
mutations and pardons for all crimes and 
offenses, except treason, and in cases of im 
peachment. He can only grant pardons 
after the board of pardons have reported 



EASY LESSONS IN CiViL GOVKHNM^ENT. 171 

on the case. He can adjourn the general 
assembly, if both houses disagree upon an 
adjournment. He is the custodian of the 
seal of the state and affixes it to all grants 
and commissions issued in the name of the 
state, and all other documents so required 
by law. A general record of all official 
acts, proceedings and appointments are 
kept in the governor's office. 

In case of vacancies in the offices of aud- 
itor, treasurer, secretary of state or attor- 
ney general, how is the offiCv^. filled. 

By appointment from the governor. 

Has the governor the veto powei-. 

No; Ohio is one of the four states in 
which the governor is not vested with thi^ 
power. 

What are the other three states? 

Rhode Island, Delaware and North Car- 
olina. 

If the governor's office is vacant, or he 
iS' unable to perform his duties, who fill» 
the office? 

The lieutenant governor. 

What salary does the lieutenant govera-^*^ 
or receive? 

Eight hundred dollars per year. 

THE SECRETARY OF STATE.— For 

how long is the Secretary of State chosen? 



m Easy l&ssons in Civil (jovbrnment. 

For two years. 

What bond must he give? 

1100,000. 

What are his duties? 

He is the custodian of the oflficial copies 
of all laws and resolutions that have been 
passed by the legislature, and of all reports 
of the executive and judicial departments. 
He, also, must see that correct copies are 
prepared for publication, and he distrib- 
utes them as provided by law. All sta- 
tistics collected and reported by township 
assessors, school directors and prosecuting 
attorneys are kept by him and from these 
he publishes, annuallj^, the statistics con- 
cerning the public and business interests 
of the state. He, also, provides the seals 
of office which the governor, judges and all 
other officers are required by law to use. 
He is the state sealer of weights and meas- 
ures. AP articles of incorporation for as- 
sociations and societies must be filed in his 
office. He provides these forms of incorpo- 
ration. He is supervisor of elections, and 
furnishes to each county and voting dis- 
trict in the state, ballots to be used in state 
elections, and after the elections he pub- 
lishes the returns. All commissions issued 
by the governor are signed by him. He 
purchases and distributes all official sta- 
tionery for the use of state officers and 
members of the legislature. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 173 

What salary does he receive? 
$4,000 per year. 

THE AUDITOE OF STATE.— For how 

long a time is the Auditor of State chosen? 

For four years. 

What bond is he required to give? 

$20,000. 

What are his duties? 

He is the bookkeeper of the state. He 
must keep a full account of all financial 
transactions of the state government. 
Money can only be paid out of the state 
treasury by an order from him. He must 
examine the condition of the state treas- 
ury quarterly and report to the governor. 

What salary does he receive? 

$3,000 per year. 

THE TREASUEER OF STATE.— For 
how long a time is the treasurer of the 
state chosen? 

For two years. 

What is he required to do before enter- 
ing upon his official duties? 

To give a bond acceptable to the govern- 
or in the sum of $600,000. He receives and 
pays out the money for the state upon or- 
ders issued by the auditor of state. He 
publishes monthly statements of the con 
dition of the treasury and makes annual 



174 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

reports of all money received and paid 
out. 

What salary does he receive? 

$3,000 per year. 

THE ATTOENEY GENEEAL. — For 
how long a time is the Attorney General 
elected? 

For two years. 

What bond must he give? 

15,000. 

What are his duties? 

He is the legal adviser of all the execu- 
tive officers of the state, and of the direct- 
ors of the state public institutions and of 
the questions submitted to the state legis- 
lature. He is also the prosecuting attor- 
ney of all the counties. That is, he prose- 
cutes cases in the supreme court in which 
the state is a party. He represents the 
state in the lower courts when required to 
do so by the governor. When required by 
the governor, state legislature or other 
proper authority, he brings suit against 
state officers for not doing their duty. 

What salary does he receive? 

His salary is |1,500, and fees amounting 
to about 11*500. 

THE COMMISSIONEE OF PUBLIC 
SCHOOLS. — For how long a time is the 
commissioner of public schools elected? 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 175 

' For a term of three years. 
What bond does he give? 
15,000. 

When does he enter upon his official 
duties? 

The second Monday in July following his 
election. 

What are his duties? 

He is required by law to visit annually 
each judicial district in the state, and con- 
fer with boards of education, encourage 
. teachers' institutes, counsel teachers, visit 
schools, etc., etc. He represents to the 
legislature the condition and needs of the 
common schools of the state. 

What salary does he reeeive? 

$2,000 per year and traveling expenses. 

THE BOAKD OF PUBLIC WORKS.— 
How many members constitute the board 
of public works? 

There are three. One is elected every 
year, and they serve for a term of three 
years. 

What great enterprise has been accom- 
plished through this board? 

Two great canals have been built. One 
from Cleveland to Portsmouth, and one 
from Toledo to Cincinnati. These canals 
are under their supervision. They fix the 
toll rates and appoint toll collectors and 



176 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

lock tenders. The chief engineer is ap 
pointed by the governor. 

What bond is required of each member? 

130,000. 

MINOE EXECUTIVE OFFICEES. — 
There are a great many minor officers and 
boards, appointed by the governor, with 
the consent of the senate, such as a board 
of pardons, consisting of four members; 
board of school examiners, five members, 
serving five years; state board of agricul- 
ture, twelve members, and serving two 
years. Of agricultural experiment sta- 
tions there are three members, serving 
three years, and of the forestry bureau 
there are three members, serving six years. 
The commissioner of labor statistics serves 
two years. The board of state charities is 
composed of the governor and seven other 
members appointed by him, to serve three 
years. A commissioner of railroads and 
telegraphs, serving two years; canal com- 
missioners, two, serving two years; a board 
of pharmacy, five members, serving eight 
years; a state geologist; commissioners of 
public printing, the secretary of state, the 
auditor of state and the attorney general; 
commissioners of sinking fund are also the 
secretary of state, the auditor of state and 
the attorney general; a board of arbitra- 
tion, three members, serving three years; 
a board of dental examiners, five members, 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 177 

serving three years; a free employment bu- 
reau, five superintendents, serving two 
years; inspector of mines, one chief inspec- 
tor, serving four years, and seven assist- 
ant inspectors, serving three years; inspec- 
tor of work shops and factories, one chief 
inspector, serving four ye^rs^ and eleven 
district inspectors, serving three years; 
supervisor of public printing and binding, 
tvt^o years; state library, the governor, sec- 
retary of state and the state librarian; 
the state librarian, serving two years; live 
stock commissioners, three members, serv- 
ing three years. The dairy food commis- 
sioner, since 1891, has been an elective in 
stead of an appointive office; elected fur 
two years* The superintendent of insur- 
ance and inspector of buildings and Loan 
associations serves three years; inspector 
of oils, two state inspectors, serving two 
years, and thirty deputies, serving two 
years; state board of veterinary examiners, 
three members, serving six years; meteo- 
rological bureau, three members. ( Some of 
the members of these department execu- 
tives of the state are ex-officio members.) 

How are our state institutions co& 
trolled? 

By a Stat^ Board of Control, 



178 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

THE JUDICIAL Y. 

What is meant by the judiciary depart- 
ment. 

The constitution says: "The judicial 
power of the state shall be vested in a su- 
preme court, circuit courts, courts of com- 
mon pleas, courts of probate, justices of 
the peace and such other courts, inferior 
to the supreme court, as the general assem- 
bly may from time to time establish.'' 

What is the duty of the legislative de- 
partment? 

To make laws, and it is the duty of the 
Judicary to interpret them and to declare 
what is and what is not constitutional law. 
And in order to have this done the judicial 
department consists of a system of courts. 

What is a court? 

It is an organized tribunal established 
to administer the laws for the people. 
These courts are composed of one or more 
judges. 

How are the cases brought for trial? 

By attorneys. The clerks of the courts 
must record the acts and decisions. 

What is a case before the court called? 

A suit or law suit. They are either civil 
or criminal. 

The court proper is composed of how 
many classes of judges? 

Two; the judge and jury. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 179 

What is a jury? 

A number of men secured according to 
law to inquire into and to determine the 
facts concerning a ca«e submitted to them, 
and to render a decision upon the evidence 
started. When a case is heard before a 
jury, the court, or judge, states to the jury 
the law relating to the case. This is call- 
ed charging the jury. The jury then is to 
find a verdict in harmony with the facts 
and law. 

What classes of jury have we? 

The grand jury and the petit jury. 

What is a civil case? 

A suit brought to recover a debt, dam- 
ages or to secure civil rights. Civil cases 
are brought by the injured person or per- 
sons. 

What is a criminal suit? 

A criminal suit is brought to convict a 

person of crime. In criminal cases the 

suit is brought in by the state, represented 

by officers chosen, the officers being the 

grand jurors and the prosecuting attorney. 

How are juries secured? 

The statutes declare that at the first 
term of each year the common pleas court 
of each county shall determine the num- 
ber of persons necessary to be selected 
from each county annu Mj to serve as petit 
jurors and grand ju/ors in the various 
courts of the county. 



180 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL aOVBRNMENT. 

Who appoints the number determined up- 
on among the townships and city wards? 

The clerk of the court. 

When is the appointment of these per- 
sons made? 

On election day the township trustees 
and city councilmen select the required 
number of persons, and the selections 
are reported to the clerk of the court. 

What is then done? 

The clerk writes the names on separate 
pieces of paper and drops them into a box 
provided for that purpose. The number in 
the box is always in excess of the number 
of jurors required. 

When are the names drawn out? 

At a certain time before each term of 
court opens the clerk draws from the box, 
in the presence of the sheriff, twenty- 
seven namjes. 

How^ are these to be divided? 

Fifteen for grand jurors and twelve for 
petit jurors. 

Who summons the persons thus se- 
lected? 

The sheriff. 

At the beginning of the trial the parties, 
through their attorneys, may question the 
jurors thus selected, and if any objections 
are found they are excused and the sher- 
iff summons some by-stander to take his 
place. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. Ijjl 

What compensation do jurors and wit- 
nesses receive? 

Jurors in common pleas courts receive 
1?2.00 per day. Witnesses receive one dol- 
lar per day and five cents per mile eacb 
way. If there is a jury in the justice of tne 
peace court trial they are paid seventy-five 
cents per day each, and the witnesses are 
paid fift:y 'cents per day. 

THE TRIAL.— What is the party bring- 
ing the suit called? 
The plaintiff. 

The party against whom the suit is 
brought is called what? 

The defendant. 

Who presents the case to the court? 

The attorneys employed by both parties, 
unless it is a case where the state is the 
plaintiif, such as criminal cases. Then 
the prosecuting attorney represents the in- 
terests of the state. 

Describe a trial by jury. 

The statutes provide as follows: A jury 
is secured and sworn in. Then the plain- 
tiff states his claim and briefly states the 
evidence by which he expects to sustain it. 
The defendant then briefly states his de 
fense and the evidence he expects to offer 
in support of it. Witnesses of the plain- 
tiff are sworn in and examined by the coun- 
sel for the plaintiff, after which they may 



I 



1S2 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMEIJ^T. 

be cross-examined by the Gounsel of the 
defendant. The counsel of the defendant 
presents his witnesses, each one is examin- 
ed, then both the plaintiff and the defend- 
ant presents to the jury arguments in fa- 
vor of their side of the question, and the 
judge of the court instructs the jurors, af- 
ter interpreting the law as applied to the 
case, a^d the jurors retire. 

The jurors must be kept together iis 
some convenient place under the charge 
of an officer, until they agree upon a ver- 
dict, or are discharged by the court, sub- 
ject to the discretion of the court to per- 
mit them to separate temporarily at 
meals. The officer having them in 
charge shall not suffer any communica- 
tion to be made to them or make any him- 
self except to ask them if they have a- 
greed upan theii verdict, unless }>y order 
of the court . 

What is done if the jury disagree? 

The judge dismisses the case and it 
stands as if it had not been tried. 

If they agree and a verdict is returnedy 
what is done? 

The verdict is reduced to writing and 
signed by the foreman; the jurors are then 
taken to the court room, their names called 
by the clerk, and the verdict rendered by 
the foreman, then the clerk reads the ver- 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1S3 

diet to the jury and inquires whether it is 
their verdict. If it is a civil case the judge 
orders the sheriff to enforce the verdict. 
If it is a criminal case the judge pronounc- 
es sentence against the accused and directs 
the sheriff to carry it into effect. 

What is the highest court in the state? 

The supreme court. 

How many judges has it? 

Six, one elected each year, and who 
serves a term of six years. 

When does their term begin? 

In February next after their election. 

Who is the chief justice? 

Each year the judge whose term of oflSce 
has most nearly expired becomes the chief 
justice of the state. 

What is the salary of the judges of the 
supreme court? 

14,000 a year. 

When does the term of the supreme 
court open? 

In January, beginning the Tuesday after 
the first Monday. 
Where is it held? 
In Columbus. 

What number is necessary to render a 
decision? 

A majority. 



184 EASY LESSONS IN CXVlL GOVERNMENT; 

How is tbe clerk of the supreme court 
elected? 

By the people of the state, for a term of 
three years. 

What is done if a case is brought from 
a lower court aud the supreme court is 
evenly divided? 

The decision of the lower court is re- 
garded as final. 

What is meant by the jurisdiction of the 
supreme court? 

It means that it has power to hear and 
examine cases. It is both original and 
appellate. 

What is meant by original? 

That a case or suit must begin in that 
court. 

What is meant by appellate jurisdiction? 

When a case is carried up from a lower 
to a higher court, for the sake of having 
the decision of the lower court re-examin' 
ed. 

Does the supreme court have a jury? 

No; and no new evidence as to the fact» 
in the case is admitted. The supreme 
court either affirms the decision of the low- 
er court, modifies or reverses it, or sends 
the case back to be tried again. 

Is the decision of the state Supreme 
Court final? 



EfASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 18& 

Yes; except where the oonstitution and 
laws of the United States are involved. In 
such cases an appeal may be taken to the 
United States supreme court. 

Are all decisions published? 

Yes; the court has a reporter who pre- 
pares the decisions for publication. 

THE OIKCUIT COURT.— How is the 
state divided? 

The counties of the state are grouped 
into eight judicial circuits, with one circuit 
court in each. 

How many judges in each circuit? 

Three; one elected biennially for a term 
of six years. They are elected by the vot- 
ers. The circuit courts have both appel- 
late and original jurisdiction. The main 
work of the circuit court is the rehearing 
of the cases on appeals or errors from the 
next lower court. 

How many terms of court are held a 
year? 

There must be two terms of court held 
every year in each county. 

How are the terms fixed? 

The third Tuesday of September the cir 
cuit judges meet at Columbus and fix the 
time for the court to meet in each county^ 
and the clerks of the courts are thus in- 



186 EASY LESSONS IN CiViL GOVE>ENMENT. 

formed. This order is recorded and pub- 
lished in the newspapers. 

What salaries do these judges receive? 

|4,000 a year. 

THE COURTS OF COMMON PLEAS. — 
How many common pleas districts ire 
there in the state? 

The state is divided into ten common 
pleas districts, and if they contain three or 
more counties they are divided into three 
sub-divisions each. 

How are the judges elected? 

By the sub-districts, the number being 
fixed by law. 

How long do they serve? 

For a term of live years. 

Has this court original and appellate 
jurisdiction? 

Yes; a great many cases of importance 
begin here, and cases are appealed fiom 
lower courts to this. 

How many terms are held each year? 

There must be at least three sessions 
held in each county every year. 

What salaries do these judges receive? 

12,500 a year each, except where the leg- 
islature authorizes an extra salary in some 
distiicts where the work is very heavy. 
The extra salaries are paid by the county. 



Easy lessons in civil aoVERNMENT. 187 

In Hamilton county the judges receive $6,- 
000 and in Cuyahoga county |5,000. 

THE JUSTICE OF THE PEACE AND 
THE MUNICIPAL COURTS.— How are 
Justices of the Peace elected? 

By the electors in the township in which 
they live. The state is divided into town- 
ships and each township has one or more 
justices of the peace. 

What authority has a justice of the 
peace? 

To try civil cases involving small 
amounts. He can cause the arrest of per- 
sons suspected of committing crime, and 
if guilty either have them sent to jail or 
put under bond for their appearance in the 
next term of the court of common pleas* 

What is the lowest of all the courts? 

That which is held by the justice of the 
peace. He tries many cases of petty of- 
fences. 

Has the justice of the peace any author- 
ity outside of the township in which he is 
elected? 

No. 

For how long a term are justices of the 
peace elected? 
Three years. 

What courts besides these are held in 
cities and villages? 
Mayor's or police courts, where persons 



1S8 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

are tried for petty offenses. 

What provision does the constitution 
make for probate courts? 

The constitution says: "The probate 
court shall have jurisdiction in probate and 
testamentary matters, the appointment of 
administrators and guardians, the settle- 
ment of the accounts of executors, admin- 
istrators and guardians, and such jurisdic- 
tion in habeas corpus, and the issuing of 
marriage licenses, and for the sale of land 
by executors, administrators and guardi- 
ans, and such other jurisdiction, in any 
county or counties, as may be provided by 
law.'^ 

How many probate courts have we in 
the state? 

Eighty-eight. One in each county. 

How many probate judges have we? 

Eighty-eight. One for each county. 
They are elected for a term of three years. 

What special act passed tne state legis- 
lature in March, 1896? 

An act creating for Cuyahoga county a 
court of insolvency, with a judge elected 
for five years, and who receives the same 
salary as the probate judge of the county, 
$5,000. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1S9 

THE MILITIA.— What is the state mi- 
litia? 

It is a military organization of the state. 
What provision does the constitution 
make pertaining to the militia? 

That "all white male citizens, residents 
of this state, being eighteen years of age, 
and under the age of forty-five years, shall 
be enrolled in the militia, and perform mil- 
itary duty, in such manner, not incompati- 
ble with the constitution and laws of the 
United States, as may be prescribed by 
law/' 

What does the above statute mean? 
That although all persons are enrolled, 
they are only liable to be pressed into ser- 
vice in case of war. 

Have we an organized militia in the 
state? 

Yes; the Ohio National Guards, compos- 
ed of volunteers of military age, enlisting 
for five years. 

Who are exempt from this law? 
Idiots, lunatics, convicts and persons* 
whose religious faith prevent them from 
going to war or carrying arms. 

Who is commander of the state military 
forces? 

The governor, except when they are call- 
ed out in the United States service. 



190 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

What appointments for the militia are 
made by the governor? 

The adjutant general, quartermaster- 
general and such other officers as are pro- 
vided for by law. 

Who is the chief of the governor's staff? 

The Adjutant General. 

STATE INSTITUTIONS.— What of the 
state institutions? 

Ohio has a great many state institutions, 
such as educational, penal, reformatory 
and institutions for the unfortunate. 

How are these institutions supported? 

By the state. 

How are the appointments of these insti- 
tutions made? 

By the trustees, and confirmed by the 
governor. 

EDUCATION.— What provision does 
the state constitution make for our public 
schools? 

It says: "The general assembly shall 
make such provision by taxation and oth- 
erwise, as, with the income arising from 
the school trust fund, will secure a thor- 
ough and effective system of comon schools 
throughout the state; but no religious or 
other sect, or sects, shall ever have any ex- 
clusive right to, and control of, any part 
of the school funds of the state.'' 



©ASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 191 

How is the state divided? 

Into small school districts, so that all 
may have the advantage of the free public 
schools. 

How is the money raised to support our 
public schools? 

By tax, mostly. 

Who is the official head of the public 
schools in the state? 

The state commissioner of common 
schools. 

When was the law passed granting wo- 
man suffrage in school elections? 
In 1894. 

INCOEPOKATIONS.— What is meant 
by incorporations? 

It means the binding together, or unit- 
ing in one body. 

What are the first steps to incorporate? 

The statutes say: "Any number of per- 
sons, not less than five, a majority of whom 
are citizens of this state, desiring to be- 
come incorporated, shall subscribe and ac- 
knowledge, before an officer authorized of 
take acknowledgments of deeds, articles of 
incorporation, the form of which shall be 
prescribed by the secretary of state.'' 

What must these articles contain if for 
profit? 



192 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

First, the name of the corporation; sec- 
ond, where the corporation is to be located; 
third, the purpose of said corporation, and 
the number of shares into which the stock 
is divided. 

If it is for non-profit, v/hat do the articles 
contain? 

First, the name of the association; sec- 
ond, where located or place of principal 
business, together with the names and res- 
idences of the principal officers; third, the 
purpose of the incorporation. 

What is then done? 

A charter is issued to the persons named 
in the application for the incorporation. 

ELECTIONS.— What is meant by an 
elector? 

Every male citizen of the United States 
of the age of twenty-one years — and women 
when they vote. 

How long must they be residents of the 
state? 

One year, and thirty days in county; and 
in the township, village or ward, twenty 
days. 

Who are prohibited by the constitution 
from voting? 

Persons convicted of bribery, perjury, 
crime, also idiots and insane people. 

Can women vote in Ohio? 

Only on the school question. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 193 

How are the candidates for office nom- 
inated? 

By the political parties at nominating 
conventions, and at the primaries. 
What are primaries? 

By primaries is meant the meetings of 
the members of a political party in a dis- 
trict or precinct to nominate candidates 
for office or to elect delegates to a conven- 
tion. The law prescribes how the pri- 
maries shall be held and the committees of 
the party fixes the dates. 

What is a nominating convention? 

A convention of chosen delegates to nom- 
inate candidates. 

How^ are candidates chosen? 

Sometimes in primaries and sometimes 
in conventions. County officers are chosen 
usually at a delegated convention — dele- 
gates chosen in primaries in the township 
and in city wards. 

How are the state officers chosen? 

By a delegated convention composed of 
delegates chosen from the counties. 

How are the state senators nominated? 

By senatorial district conventions com- 
posed of delegates. 

How is the President and Vice-President 
of the United States nominated? 



194 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

By a nominating convention of delegates 
from the states. 

To how many delegates is each state en- 
titled in a National Convention? 

To twice as many delegates as it has 
members in Congress. Ohio is entitled 
to forty-six delegates. 

How^ are the delegates elected? 

Four are elected at the state convention 
and are called delegates-at-large and the 
others are elected by the congressional 
conventions in the state. 

Are the territories represented in Na- 
tional conventions? 

Usually two or more are admitted from 
each territory. 

Who is at the head of the elections in 
the state? 

The State Supervisor of Elections. 

Who is this? 

By virtue of his office the Secretary of 
State. He controls all elections except 
for school directors and road supervisors. 

Who appoints the county board of Dep- 
uty State Supervisors? 

The State Supervisor of Elections ap- 
points for each county four members as the 
board of elections. They are appointed 
on or before the first Monday of August, 
two biennially and for a term of four years. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 195 

When do these deputy supervisors meet 
and organize? 

They meet at the county commissioners 
office at least thirty days before the No- 
vember election and choose oneof the mem- 
bers for clerk and one for president. 

What are the duties of these deputies? 

They must appoint, annually, judges and 
clerksi of elections for every voting pre- 
cinct. The law requires that they ^^shall 
advertise and let the printing of ballots, 
cards of instruction and other required 
books and papers to be printed by the 
county.'^ They see that each precinct is 
provided with ballots^also poll books, tally- 
sheets and other required books and pa- 
pers belongfng to each polling place. 
They must, also, see that suitable polling 
places are provided for the voters accord- 
ing to law. 

Can a person who is a candidate serve 
as a judge or clerk of elections? 

No. 

How many efflcers are required at each 
election precinct? 

The board of deputy state supervisors, 
at least ten days before the election, ap- 
points for each precinct four judges and 
two clerks, (except in cities where the vo- 
ters must register where they are appoint- 
ed by the city board of elections.) There 



196 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

cannot he more than two judges and one 
clerk belonging to the same political par- 
ty. 

Do all judges and clerks have to take 
the loath of office? 

Yes. 

Can a judge or clerk challenge a voter 
as to his right to vote? 
Yes. 

What are the duties of the judges and 
clerks? 

They, on the daj of election, receive and 
count the ballots and send in the returns. 

What compensation do these judges re- 
ceive? 

For meeting the county board, receiving 
the ballots, blanks, and papers to hold an 
election, the presiding judge receives two 
dollars, and, also, five cents per mile travel- 
ing to and from the county seat; and those 
carrying in the returns receive the same. 
The judges and clerks of elections receive 
three dollars for each election. For com- 
pensation of judges and clerks in cities of 
the first and second class see revised stat- 
utes. 

REGISTRATION OF VOTERS.— What 
is required of cities of the first and second 
class? 

The electors must register annually be- 
fore the November election. 



SASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT, ^dl 

How is this done? 

The board of elections appoint two of 
the judges of each precinct of different par- 
ties, and on certain days electors must reg- 
ister to be entitled to vote. 

NOTICE OF ELECTION.— What is re- 
quired of the sheriff of each county before 
election? 

Fifteen daj^s before the November elec- 
tion he issues a proclamation throughout 
the county, of the time, and place of hold- 
ing the election and officers to be voted for. 

How is this done? 

He is required to post copies of his proc- 
lamation at the polling places and publish 
it in the newspaper. 

How aTe municipal elections announced? 

In a similar way only by the mayor in- 
stead of the sheriff. 

How are the township elections an- 
nounced? 

By the truBtees, the constable posting 
the notices in the polling places. 

When is the state and county election 
clay for electing members of Congress, 
the President, and all stat^i and county 
officers? 

The first .Tuesday after the first Monday 
in November. 

When are the tow^nship and municipal 
officers elected? 



1^8 EAST LESSONS IN ClVlL GOVEENM^Nf 

The first Monday in April. 
AUSTKALIAN BALLOT.— What is our 

present system of voting? 

The Australian and is known to us as 
the Australian Ballot. It was first used 
in Australia in 1857. 

When was it first used in this county? 
In 1888 it was used in St. Louis, Ky.^^ 
and in some places in Mass. 

Have all states adopted this system of 
voting? 

Nearly alL 

What advarttage has the pTesent system 
over the old way of voting? 

Now evefy voter can fleposit a secret 
ballot and he avoids intimidation. 

At what hour on election day are the 
polls declared opened? 

At 5:30 a. m. (standard time) the presid- 
ing judge of election declares the polls opetil 
and at 5 :30 p. m. they are closed except in 
Cincinnati where they are closed at 4 p. m. 

How are the voting places arranged? 

The law requires the room in which the^ 
election is to be held to be divided inta 
tw^o parts by a railing. One place for the 
election officers and the ballot box and the 
other part is made into closets called vot- 
mg booths. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1^9 

What is the first thing an elector does 
upon entering the voting place? 

He gives his name and address to the 
officer and if his name is on tlie register's 
or assessor's book he is given an official 
ballot. 

What is on the ballot? 

The names of the candidates of all the 
different parties. These are arranged in 
seperate columns. No ballots but those 
prepared and provided by law can be 
used. 

What does the elector do next? 

He retires to one of the voting booths 
and, in private, prepares his ballot. 

Can two persons occupy the same booth 
at the same time? 

No. 

How long is he allowed to prepare his 
ballot? 

Five minutes. 

With what must all marks be made? 

With a black lead pencil. 

If the elector spoils the first ballot what 
can he do? 

Secure others, one at a time, until he has 
had three. 

What becomes of the soiled ballots? 
They are delivered to the officers and 
immediately destroyed. 



^00 ETASt LESSONS IN ClVlL GOVEiRNM^NTt 

If the elector is unable to mark his own 
ballot what can he do? 

Ask for assistance. Then two judges of 
different political parties help him mark 
it or mark it for him. 

If the elector wants to vote "a straight 
ticket/^ (that is for every candidate of his 
political party y) how does he mark his bal- 
lot? 

He makes a cross (x) within the circle at 
the head of the column containing the 
names of all the candidates of his party. 
If he wishes to vote a ^^mixed ticket'^ or 
for only a part of the ticket how does he 
mark his ballot? 

He makes a cross (x) opposite the namej* 
of the candidates for whom he wishes to 
vote. 

If the elector wishes to vote for any per- 
son whose name does not appear on the 
ticket can he do so? 

Yes, by filling in the blafik space which 
is left on the ticket foir that purpose. 

What then i^ done with the ballot? 

Before leaving the booth the elector 
folds his ballot so as not to display the 
marks thereon. The ballot is then giveij 
to one of the election officers who detaches 
the secondary stub bearing the electors 
registered number or name, and deposits 
the ballot in the ballot box. The second- 



EAsy LESSOnS in CiViL GOVE.RNMENT. 201 

ary stubs are preserved until the polls are 
closed and then they are destroyed, before 
the ballot box is opened, together with 
the unused ballots. 

What is next done? 

The judges and clerks must then certify 
on the poll books the number of electors 
entered and voted. The presiding judge 
then proclaims in a loud voice outside the 
polling room the number of votes so shown 
on the poll books. 

What is then done? 

If it is a registered precinct they are 
checked off on the duplicate registers. 
The ballot box is then opened and all the 
ballots are first counted by the judges. 

What is done if there are more ballots 
in the box than the number entered in the 
poll- books? 

One of the- judges, with his back to the 
ballot box, and without seeing, draws out 
and destroy!^ the number equal to the ex- 
cess. 

How are the ballots counted? 

One of the judges takes the ballots from 
the box, one at a time and reads aloud, 
while the ballot is in his hand, all the 
names on- the ballot. He then hands it to 
the other judges for inspection. 

Who keeps the tally-sheet? 

The clerks. 



202 EASY LESSONS IN ClVlL GOVERNMENT. 

After all ballots have been counted 
what is done? 

The tally-sheets are signed by the judges 
and clerks and returns are made to the 
proper officers as required by law. 

What is done with the ballots after they 
have been counted? 

They are burned by the judges. 

THE COUNTY.— How is the state of 
Ohio divided? 

Into sub-divisions, called counties- 
How many counties have we? 

Eighty-eight. 

What is the county seat of a county? 

It is where the court house is located 
and the important official business of the 
county is transacted. 

What are the county officers? 

Commissioners, auditor, treasurer, re- 
corder, survej^or, infirmary directors, clerk 
of courts, sheriff, coroner, prosecuting at- 
torney and probate judge. 

When does the election of these officers 
take place? 

The constitution says: '^County officers 
shall be elected on the fil'st Tuesday after 
the first Monday in November by the elect- 
ors of each county in such manner, and for 
such term, not exceeding three years, as 
may be provided by law.'' 



Easy leissOns in Civil (iavfinNMENT. 202 

When these officers are elected, what are 
they required to do? 

To take the oath of office and give bond. 

Who gives them a certificate of election? 

The governor. 

THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.— 
How many commissioners has each 
county? 

Three; one member being chosen each 
vear, and the term of office is for three 
years. 

How often are they required to m^et? 

Once in three months at the county seat. 

What are their duties? 

To look after the condition of our roads 
and ditches and build and repair bridges. 
They have supervision of county property. 
They are required to furnish and maintain 
a court house, a jail, an infirmary, and 
furnish offices for the county officers. They 
must let the contracts for erection of coun- 
ty buildings, furnishings, repairs, etc. It 
is their duty to make the levy of taxes for 
the support of the county. 

What salaries do county commissioners 
receive? 

In most counties they receive $3.00 per 
day for working days, but in some counties 
there is a fi:^ed annual salary. 

Who is the secretary of the board? 



204 EASY bfiSSONg IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

The county auditor. 

What bond are the commissioners re- 
quired to give? 

Not less than |5,000. 

THE TEEASUREE.— How is the treas^ 
nrer elected? 

By the electors, for a term of two years* 

What are his duties? 

He coliecti^ all taxes and pays out the 
money from the county treasury. If tax 
payers do not pay their taxes he causes the 
property to be advertised and sold at pub- 
lic sale for same. He must keep his ac* 
counts open to the inspection of the com-- 
missioners. 

What salary does he receive? 

It is not the same in all counties, and it 
depends upon the amount of taxes collect- 
ed, as he gets a percentage. 

V/hat bond must he give? 

This is directed by the county commis- 
sioners. 

THE COtJNTY AUDITOE.— How is the 
county auditor elected? 

By the electors, for a term of three years* 

What are his duties? 

He is the bookkeeper of the county, and 
must keep the account of all money receiv 
ed and paid out by the county treasurer. 
Money can only be paid out of the treasury 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 205 

by warrants issued by the auditor. He 
must make a list of all taxable property in 
the county, as furnished by the assessors. 
He must furnish county treasurers dupli- 
cate tax lists. By virtue of his office he is 
county sealer of weights and measures. 
The auditor and treasurer must make set- 
tlements twice a year. 

What bond does he give? 

Not less than |5,000. 

THE EECORDER.— How is the record- 
er elected? 

By the electors of the county, for a term 
of three years. 

What are his duties? 

He must keep the official copies of all 
legal papers pertaining to the transfer of 
houses and lands. He records mortgages, 
looks after the titles of land, and when 
land is sold the deeds are recorded by him 
at the county seat. 

Does he receive a stated salary? 

No ; he is paid by those transacting busi- 
ness with him, who have papers recorded. 

What bond is he required to give? 

$2,500. 

THE COUNTY SURVEYOR.— How is 
the county surveyor elected? 

By the electors, for a term of three years. 

What are his duties? 



206 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

He must make all survey**' of lands when 
the boundaries are disputed in court, un- 
less the parties or court agree upon some 
one else. He must survey all lands that 
are sold for taxes. County roads, ditches 
and bridges, etc., are surveyed by him. 

What bond is he required to give? 

Two thousand dollars, with two or more 
securities to the satisfaction of the county 
commissioners. 

What salary does he receive? 

He receives as salary whatever is order- 
ed by the county commissioners for Ms 
work. 

THE INFIRMARY DIRECTORS.— 

How are the Infirmary directors elected? 

In counties where they have infirmaries, 
or county poor houses supported by the 
county, the electors of the county elect 
three directors, one each year, to serve a 
term of three years. 

What are the duties of these directors? 

To look after the general management 
of the infirmary. To appoint a superintend- 
ent and fix his salary. They usually ad- 
mit i)aupers to the infirmary upon infor- 
mation of the trustees of the township. 
The directors make the rules that govern 
the institution. They must make semi-an- 
nual reports to the county commissioners. 



I 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 207 

What salary do they receive? 

Two dollars and fifty cents for every day 
devoted to official work. 

What bond do they give? 

Not less than |2,000, nor more than 
130,000. 

THE COEONER.— How is the coroner 
elected? 

By the electors, for a term of two years. 

What are his duties? 

When the body of a person whose death 
is supposed to have been caused by 
violence, is found in the county, it is re- 
ported to the coroner, and he must hold 
an ^4nquest,'' or examination, for the pur- 
pose of finding out how the person met 
with death. He has the power to issue 
subpoenas for witnesses, if necessary. If 
he finds that death was caused by another 
person he can cause such person to be 
placed under arrest and brought to trial. 

What salary does he receive? 

For each inquest he is allowed three dol- 
lars and all the necessary expenses; but in 
all counties containing a city of the second 
or third class, the coroner is paid, in lieu 
of fees, a salary of two thousand dollars a 
year. 

What bond does he give? 

Not less than |5,000, nor more than $50,- 



208 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

000. The sum is fixed by the county com- 
missioners. 

THE SHEEIFF.— For how long is the 
sheriff elected? 

For two years. 

What are his duties? 

As he is the ministerial officer of the 
courts, he or a deputy must attend the 
court of common pleas and circuit courts. 
He must preserve the public peace and 
cause the arrest of all offenders against it, 
and cause them to be brought to trial. He 
serves all subpoenas issued to witnesses, 
except those issued by justices of the 
peace. He has charge of prisoners on trial 
and of the witnesses, and summons jurors. 
He has charge of the county jail and pris- 
oners. Hte must always serve notice or 
issue a printed proclamation of all general 
elections. He must conduct the sale of 
property when it has been ordered to be 
sold focp debts. 

What salary does he receive? 

He has no stated salary, but is paid by 
fees for the various duties he must per- 
form, or the amount of business done. 

What bond must he give? 

Not less than |5,000, nor more than |50,- 
000, which is fixed by the county commis- 
sioners. 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVEiRNMENT. 209 

THE OLEKK OF THE COUKTS.— For 
how long is the clerk of the courts elected? 

For a term of three years. 

What are his duties? 

He must act as clerk of the court of com- 
mon pleas, and the circuit court of the 
county. The clerk must enter all orders, 
decrees, judgments and proceedings of the 
courts, and must make a complete record 
of every case tried in both of the courts. 
He has power as clerk to administer oaths 
and take and certify affidavits, and deposi- 
tions, and acknowledgements of deeds and 
mortgages. He must make an annual re- 
port to the secretary of state of the 
cases tried in the courts. 

What salary does he receive? 

He is paid by fees for the various kinds 
of work done. 

THE PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.— 
For how long is the prosecuting attorney 
elected? 

For three years. 

What are his duties? 

As prosecuting attorney he must prose- 
cute, on behalf of the state, in any of the 
courts of the county (except the justice's 
courts) all suits, matters and controver- 
sies, as directed by law. He must prepare 
in legal form the official bonds for the 
county officers and see that they are prop- 



210 EAiSY WESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

erly signed. He is alsoi the legal adviser 
of all county officers, and he must make an 
annual report to the state attorney general 
of all crimes prosecuted in the county. 

What bond is he required to give? 

Not less than a thousand dollars, the 
sum to be fixed by the courts. 

What salary does he receive? 

It is not the same in all counties. 

THE PKOBATE JUDGE.— For how 
long is the probate judge elected? 

For three years. 

What are his duties? 

To transact the business of the probate 
court. (See probate court.) 

What salary does he receive? 

This depends upon the work done by him 
in the county. He receives fees. 

THE TOWNSHIP.— How are the coun- 
ties of Ohio divided? 

Into townships. Each township is a 
corporate body and can sue and be sued 
in the courts in the person of its officers. 
It can also receive, hold and dispose of real 
or personal property, borrow money for 
the use of the township, and taxes may be 
levied on the township for the expenses of 
the same. 

Who are the officers of the township? 

They are the trustees, clerk, treasurer, 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 211 

justices of the peace, constables, assessors 
and road supervisors. 

When are these township officers 
elected? 

The first Monday of April of each year, 

THE TKUSTEES.— For how long are 
the trustees elected? 

There are three trustees in each town- 
ship, elected for three years. 

What are their duties? 

They transact the official business of the 
township. They represent the township 
in suits at law; they look after public prop- 
erty, determine the amount of money 
necessary for the expenses of the township 
and levy an annual tax for the same. They 
look after the paupers; they may order new 
roads and ditches made; they have charge 
of the township's cemeteries; they must 
provide town halls and a public library, if 
the electors of the township, by vote, 
order it. 

What compensation do they receive? 

They are paid a fixed sum for each day 
they work for the township. 

THE CLEKK.— For how long is the 
township clerk elected? 
For two years. 
What are his duties? 
He must keep a record of all the pro- 



212 EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

ceedings of the board of trustees.. He 
keeps a record with description of roads 
and ditches. All the records, books, and 
papers of the township are kept by him. 
He keeps an account of all oflacial debts, 
receipts and expenditures of the trustees. 
He places on file all chattel mortgages giv- 
en in the township. He is also the clerk of 
the township school district. 

What salary does he receive? 

A fee for the amount of work done. 

THE TEEASURER.— For how long is 
the township treasurer elected? 

For two years. 

What are his duties? 

He is the custodian of the township 
funds. The money belonging to the town- 
ship from taxes collected by the county 
treasurer are turned over to the township 
treasurer. 

How can he pay out money? 

Only on orders drawn by the trustees 
and countersigned by the clerk. He is also 
the treasurer of the township school dis- 
trict- 

What salary does he receive? 

He is allowed two per cent on all money 
paid out by him. 

THE ASSESSOR.— For how long is the 
assessor elected? 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 213 

He is elected for one year. 
What are his duties? 

He must list the value of all personal 
property in the township subject to taxa- 
tion. This list must be forwarded to the 
county auditor, and each person's taxes are 
made out for the year. He collects facts 
concerning' agriculture, manufactures, and 
other industrial interests; also business 
statistics. 

What compensation does he receive? 

He is paid two dollars for each day^s 
work. 

THE CONSTABLE.— For how long is 
the constable elected? 

For three years. 

What are his duties? 

To preserve peace in the township and 
arrest all violators of the law. He may 
be called upon to serve warrants and sub- 
poena witnesses foT county courts. He 
must preserve order at the polling places 
on election days. 

THE SUPERVISOE OF EOADS.— For 
how^ long are the supervisors of roads 
elected. 

For one year. 

t 

What are their duties? 



114 ©AST LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNM-E^N're 

The trustees of the townBhip divide the 
township into road districts, and a super 
visor is elected for each district. His duties 
are to open all public roads and highways 
and keep the same in repair in his district^ 
as ordered by the trustees. 

How is the money rai^d for taking care 
of our roads? 

By taxation. Every male between 
twenty-one and fifty-five years of age m 
responsible for two days' work annually 
on the roads, at the rate of one dollar and 
fifty cents per day. All of this work is 
under the direction of the supervisor of the 
districts 

MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. -What 

are the different forms of municipal corjjo- 
rations? 

They are the city, village and hamlet. 

How are municipal corporations formed? 

They are organized under the general 
state laws which make provision for their 
form of government and power. 

What advantage is it to a community to 
incorporate? 

It has the advantage of local govern- 
ment. 

How may a community incorporate? 

The inhabitants wishing to incorporate 
draft a petition, signed by not less than 



EASY LESSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 215 

thirty electors, residing within the propos- 
ed corporate limit, and the petition is pre- 
sented to the board of commissioners; then 
the petition has a hearing at the regular 
meeting. If, after due consideration, and 
notice having been given, there is no 
reason why it should not be granted, the 
commissioners allow the corporation to or- 
ganize. The corporation papers, giving 
name, etc., are recorded, and the time for 
the first election of officers is fixed by the 
agents of the petitioners. 

HAMLET,— What is a hamlet? 

A hamlet is a municipal corporation 
with less than two /hundred population. 
After being incorporated they have certain 
rights of governing themse^lves, such as 
the right of municipal gas, electric lights, 
sidewalks, sewers, railways, etc., which 
may be granted or not by vote of the people. 

What are the officers of a hamlet? 

Three trustees, a treasurer, a clerk, a 
marshal and a supervisor of roads. The 
duties of these officers are nearly the same 
as the officers in the township. The prin- 
cipal authority of a hamlet is in the board 
of trustees. When a hamlet has grown to 
more than two hundred they can be incor- 
porated as a village by vote of the electors. 

VILLAGE.— What is a village? 



216 /EASY DE'SSONS IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

A municipal corporation with a popula- 
tion more than two hundred and less than 
five thousand, and which has a form of or- 
ganization to govern themselves in muni- 
cipal affairs. 

In whom is the legislative power vested? 
In a council elected by the electors. 
Who are the executive officers? 
A mayor, a clerk, a treasurer and a mar- 
shal. 

THE COUNCIL.— What are the duties 
of the council? 

To look after the property, finances, and 
general welfare and progress of the village: 
such as water works, sewers, fire protec- 
tion, etc. 

Who is president of the council? 

The mayor. 

Who is the chief executive officer? 

The mayor. 

What are his duties? 

It is his duty to see that peace and order 
prevail in the corporation, to enforce the 
ordinances, to appoint officers not elected. 
He must hold court, known as mayor's 
court, and he has power to try cases. 

THE MAESHAL.— What office does a 
marshal hold in a village. 

He is the chief police, and his duties are 



EASY LKSSONa IN OlVIL aOVBRNMEJNT. 21? 

Bimilar to those of the chief of police in 
cities or the sheriff in the county. 

CITY.— What is a city? 

When a village has grown in population 
to five thousand or more, by vote of the 
electors it may become a city. 

How are cities divided? 

Into two classes^ and the^e classes afe 
divided into grades, and are based upon 
the population. As the law provides foi^ 
each grade in the city government, and 
they differ in different cities in Ohio, we 
will give but a general outline. Cities are 
divided into w^ards, and in most cases the 
wards are divided into precincts. 

What are the officers of a city? 

The legislative officers are the city coun- 
cilmen. The executive officers are a may- 
or, a marshal, (or chief of police), a solicit- 
or, a street commissioner and a treasurer. 
These are elected by the people. The city 
council elects its own secretary, who is 
called the city clerk. 

THE CITY COUNCIL.— What are its 
duties. 

The duties are similar to the council in 
a village, but more extensive. In Bome 
cities ordinances for the expenditure of 
money granting a franchise, are submit- 
ted to the mayor for approval. If vetoed 
it may pass the council by a vote of tw^o- 



m EASY LBSSONS IN CiViL GOVERNMENT, 

thirds of the members present. The city 
council elects its own president. 

THE MAYOR— The duties of the mayor 
have been described in the village gov- 
ernment, except he is not the president of 
the council, and in some cities he has the 
veto power; also, if there is a police judge 
there is no mayor^s court. 

THE CLERK.— How is the city clerk 
elected? , 

By the council, as the secretary. 
What are his duties? 

To attend the meetings of the council, to 
keep a record of all proceedings and of the 
ordinances passed, and to publish the 
same. He is the custodian of the records^ 
papers, books ,laws, and ordinances of the 
city. 

THE OTHEE CITY OFFICEES.— The 
treasurer, sometimes called comptroller, or 
auditor, is the bookkeeper for the city. The 
solicitor or prosecuting attorney is the legal 
adviser of the city. Cities are divided into 
departments, such as finance, law, public 
safety and public improvements. Of 
each of these departments the mayor ap- 
points a director. These directors have 
full charge of their departments. 



219 



LECTURES. 



CLUBS AND SOCIETIES desiring to 
secure good lecturers can do so by writing 
to the following persons: 

Mrs. Josephine Woodward, Commercial 
Tribune, 'Cincinnati, O.. Subject: "A 
Correspondent in Cuba/' 

Mrs. W. J. Huggins, 5 Stewart Ave., 
Mansfield, Ohio, Subject: ^^The Rubaiyat 
)f Omar Khayyam.'' 

Mrs. S. M. Perkins, 121 Adelbert Ave.^ 
Cleveland, Ohio. Subject: "Margaret 
Fuller, the Thinker, and Mary Lyon, the 
Worker.'' 

Miss Frances H. Ensign, Madison, Ohio. 
Subject: "Queen Esther and Her Mis- 
sion.'' 

Mrs, W. J. fiuggins, 5 Stewart Ave., 
Mansfield, Ohio, prepares programs and 
calendars for literary or travelers' clubs; 
corresponds with club women concerning 
rieference books and article*? for club pa- 
pers, and assists in organizing new clubs- 
Mrs. Emma A. Cramner,Aberdeen,Soutli 
Dakota. Subject: "Woman's Progress 
vs. the World's Prejudice." 



220 



BOOKS THAT EVEKY ONE SHOULD 
HAVE. 

American and British Authors, by 
Prof. Frank V. Irish |1 35 

Treasured Thoughts, by Prof. Frank 

V. Irish '. 50 

These two books are worth twice the 

cost. 

Address Pfof. F. V. Irish, Columbus, O. 

Memories of the Crusade, by Mother 
Stewart |1.50 and |2.00 

The Crusade of Great Britain, by Mother 

Stewart fl.OO 

For a correct history of the Temperance 

Crusade, send for these books. Address 

Mother Stewart, Springfield, Ohio. 

orlimpses of Fifty Years, by Frances E. 
Willard, $2.00, |2.75 and |3.50 

Do Everything, Frances E. Willard. 25 

A Great Mother, bv Frances E. Wil- 
lard ? 1 50 

For the above books address Woman's 

Temperance Publishing Association, ^The 

Temple,'^ Chicago, Ills. 

Parliamentary Procedure and Practice^ 
by John George Bourinot, C. M. G., 
LL. D. 



221 



Constitutional History of Canada, by 
John George Bourinot. 

In the study of Canadian history and 
parliamentary proceedings no books are 
any better than the above. 

Address John George Bourinot, Ottawa 
Canada. 



^^Occupations forWomen,'^ by Frances E. 
Willard, and "Success," an up-to-date jour 
nal of push, principle and progress, witfc 
20th century ideas,both to new subscribers 
of "Success'^ for one year, |2.00. 

Address, SUCCESS COMPANY, 

Cooper Union, New York City. 



222 



A Compendium 

AND- 

Question Book 

of Pari/amentary Xaw? 



It is just what every person needs in the 
busy moments of a public meeting. It is 
arranged for all societies. It is a ready ref- 
erence manual prepared in the form of 
questions and answers. It is the cream of 
all the larger manuals. No member of a so- 
ciety is thoroughly equipped without this 
work This instructive little book has met 
with a hearty reception, far beyond our 
most sanguine expectations. Already the 
sales have reached seventeen thousand 
copies. Price, leather, red edges, 40 cents. 
Leatherette, 25 cents. Published by the 
author, LILIAN COLE-BETHEL, 

738 E. Long St., Columbus, O. 



. 223 



TESTIiMONIALS. 
Madam Bethel: San Franciseo. Cal. 

Each meiniber o.f your morninig class held in the 
tower room, California Hotel. San Francisco, in May, 
1894, had been connected with different organizations 
for years, had felt iier need of parliiamentary knowl- 
edge, and sipent much time digging into the lore of 
different authors upo-n this subject, but never, until 
you tauight your oomprehensive, clear-cut and suffi- 
cient method, could either feel sure of carrying a 
motion through all Its prerogatives witihout losing 
her ihead as well as the motion. No knowledge is 
more e&esntlal to active women than Parliamentary 
Law. It brings out (from the folded napkin and 
mouldy grave her Grod-given talents; and, dear ma- 
dame, how better can you help .her on to victory and 
up to ithe "Houise of Good" than to imipart confidence 
and power by a thorougih knowledge of Parliament- 
ary Law? 

Yiour method is indisputably the best and your 
Question Book the most helpful. Yours sincerely, 

MIRS. I. A. CONKLIN. 



Spningfield, 0., July 16, 1896. 
It gives me great pleasure to commend the course 
of drills in Parliamentary Usages that Mrs. Lilian 
Oole-Bethel is so well prepared to give to Women's 
Olubs and other organiziations. Mrs. Bethel is not 
only well prepared by a thorough knowledge of the 
subject, ibut she -has the faculty in a rare degree of 



224 



imparting information. The Wom-en's Clubs of 
Springfield were enthusiiastic over iher class methods 
of teaching and her ipersonal initeirest in her classes. 
I wish all the Women's Literary! Clubs of Ohio might 
be fortunate enough to secure her services. 

CLEMENTINE B. BUOHW ALTER, 
Chairman of Correspondence for Ohio of the Gen'l 
Federation of Woman's Clubs. 

Sec'y Com. on Woman's Congresses. 



Oxford, O., April 25. 1896. 
Mrs. Lilian Coile-Bethel gave 'her series of lessons 
on Parliamentary Law at the Western College, with 
rerj great success. We cordially endorse her work 
as thorough, comprehensive and exceedingly inter- 
estinig. It is an especially valuable course of instruc- 
tion for college mien and women. 

LEILA S. McKEE. 
President Western College, Oxford. Ohio. 



THE CINCINNATI WOMAN'S CLUB. 
The class in Parliamentary Law held in the rooms 
of the Ciinciinnati Womaiu's Club under the auspices 
of the Alumnae Association of tihe Western Seminary 
desire heartily to endorse Mrs. LiMian Cole_Bethel as 
a teacher and exponent of parliamientary law. She 
is perfectly conversant with every point connected 
with her subject and is endowed with that valuable 
gift so frequenitly .deniied tieaahers, the abidiity clearly 
to impart her knowledge. We are certain that we 
ihave received a training which will be of permanent 



225 



value bo us all, and hope thiat -at some itime in tlie 
future, convenient to Mrs. Cole-Bethel, we mtay have 
another and an advanced course under her instruc- 
tion.. By order of the class. 

MARGARET C. MORBHEAD. 

ELLEN ANjOERSON JUDKINS. 

KATHERINID HOLIBIRD DUBLE. 

Committee. 
Cincinnati, 0.hio. March 28. 1896. 



Utioa, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1897. 
The Oneida Chapter of the Dauigihters of tihe Amer* 
ican Revolution, after a most profitable and enjoya- 
ble series of of lectures by Lilian Cole-Betlhel, of Co- 
lumbus, 0.. on Parliamentary Law, gladly testify to 
the a;bunidanjt satisfaction which Mrs. Bethel gave to 
all who were so fortunate as to meet and hear her. 
E. W. WALCOTT, Regent. 
D. J. LINDSiLEY. 
A. W. CALDER. 
L. J. LYNCH. 
G. D. CURRAN. 

Committee. 



[Udnois Female College, 

Jacksonville, Ills., Dec. 16, 1897. 
Both teaichers and students found pleasure and 
profit in the visit of Mrs. Lilian Cole-Bethel of Co- 
umbus,Ohio, Nov. 16 to 20, and in the series of Par- 
mentary drlllf wihich she oonduictefd. A constamtly 
incr'eiasiiinig inteirest wais manifiest durimg the week, 
and all who attended the drills were imipr eased with 



226 



the necessity of a ithorioug,!! knowledge of Parlia- 
mentary usage. Mrs. Betihel is brigM and ihappy in 
ber work, and makes the exerciises entertaining as 
well lais instruotive. The series closed with a mock 
convention, with delegates from all parts of the coun- 
try, whiiclh provied oif igreat interelst and profilt. We 
hoipe that Mrs. Bethel may come (back next year. 
JOSEPH R. HARKEiR. President. 






227 



J arleamentarj/ 
drills. 



Notice to all societies: Eecognizing the 
importance of familiarity with the rules of 
usage, I have set apart a portion of my 
time for giving parliamentary drills. My 
experience in drill work before audiences 
from New York to San Francisco enables 
me to say, any one taking my full course of 
lessons can easily learn to master the en- 
tire subject. The course consists of five 
lessons with illustrations and practical 
tests. Send for testimonials and terms to 

LILIAN COLE-BETHEL, 

738 E. Long St., Columbus, Ohio. 



228 

**A Oompendium and QuestiOin Book of Parliament- 
ary Law/' arranged by Lilian Cole-Betibel. T-his lit- 
tle volume, only about fiifty pages in number and 
small in dimensions — it is wfliat one might term 
"meaty,'* since every word in it is worth ''inwardly 
digesting." It is dedicated to womankind and hoa 
(been especially designed as a band book that may be 
relied upon in the ®tudy of Parliamentary form. It 
will be found of great value to W. C. T. U. women, 
who wish to post themselves thoroughly on the ways 

a^nd mea^ns of enteiring the ''arena of discuisisilon," 
and becoming vicitofns therein, — The Uniooi Siignal, 

Chicago. 



Haines' Falls, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1894. 
/Mrs. Lilian Oole-Bethel — My Dear Sister: I like 
your little hook so much that I shaill carry it with 
me to Cleveliand aind I heliieve that, oitheir thiiings be- 
ing equal, we ought to use a parliamentary book by 
a woman in order to enoour'age the public opinion 
concertniifng woman'is aibiiMty im this direction. 
I think it migtht be well that we make your book 
our standard. I feel sure it will be of great value to 
me because it can be so readily referred to, which is 
of vital impiortiance to any one wiho is presiding. 
Sincerely your friend and comrade, 

FRIANOES E. WILLARD. 



Columbus, 0., October 13, 1892. 
I have examined with care and pleasure your 
"Compendium and Question Book of Parliamentary 
Law," and speak fotr it a large field of usefulness. 



229 

Your mode of presenting parliamentary practice — by 
questions and answers — so simplifies what is general- 
ly difficult, that a novice oan soon become proficient 
and ifeel at ease in a deliberative society, and confi- 
dently take an active part in its proceedings. With 
kind regards, ORESTES A. B. SENTER, 

Gen'l Grand Master. R. & S. M. of the U. S. 



FROM BISiHOP VINCENT. 

Buffalo, N. Y., Nov. 12, 1892. 
I have received and examined with some care your 
admirable little manual of Parliamentary Law. It 
deseirves a wide sale. It makes a good text book. 

Yours truly, 

JOHN H. VINCENT. 



Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, 0., Nov. 10, '92. 
Thanks for the copy of your Compendium of Par- 
liamentary Law. My hasty examination of it gives 
me a very favorable impression of the volume. Its 
clearness and brevity make it an admirable hand- 
book for a busy president. Sincerely yours, 

J. W. BASHFORD. Pres't. 



Kansas City, Mo., Dec. 5. 1892. 
I have received your book on Parliamentary Usage, 
and ihave looked it over and find it good and thor- 
oughly practical. I like your dedication. Your 
"Hints in Behalf of Public Speakers" should be print- 
ed in silver and framed in gold. Altogether it is the 
most thoroughly helpful book along the lines of pub- 
lic meetings and deliberative bodies that I have ever 



230 

seen. 1 shall carry it around with me until I have 
learned it all: CLARA C. HOFFMAN, 

State President Missouri W. C. T. U. 



Guilford Colleige, N. C, Nov. 18, 1892. 
I consider your boiok the most helpful in the ses- 
sion of oonvention of anything I have seen. It is 
very thorough and correct and shows a complete 
mastetry of the intricate subject of parliaimentary law 
by its author. Yours truly, 

MARY C. WOODY, 
State President N. C. W. C. T. U. 



231 



I 



MEDAL CONTESTS. 



If you want to replenish your treasuries 
and at the same time disseminate Gospel 
Temperance and Prohibition, hold a W. C. 
T. U. or Demorest Medal Contest. These 
popular entertainments are not confined to 
temperance organizations, but are being 
held by young people's church societies, 
schools, colleges, etc. Send a two-cent 
stamp to Mrs. A. E. Carmen, National Su- 
perintendent Contest Work, The Temple, 
Chicago, 111., for circulars, rules and prices 
of books and medals. Miss Willard says: 
"We are fortunate in our superintendent 
of contest work, Mrs. Carmen, who is ca- 
pable, devoted, and gives her entire time 
to the work. The encouragement she has 
received from Madame Demorest, and the 
confidence shown her by placing that work 
in her care will strengthen the hands of 
our superintendent. I rejoice this honor 
has been shown her." Write to 

MRS. A. E. CARMEN, 
The Temple, Chicago, 111. 



H 275 83 



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